Background Despite high annual rates of influenza in children,influenza vaccines are given to children infrequently. We measuredthe disease burden of influenza in a large cohort of healthychildren in the Tennessee Medicaid program who were youngerthan 15 years of age.
Methods We determined the rates of hospitalization for acutecardiopulmonary conditions, outpatient visits, and courses ofantibiotics over a period of 19 consecutive years. Using thedifferences in the rates of these events when influenzaviruswas circulating and the rates from November through April whenthere was no influenza in the community, we calculated morbidityattributable to influenza. There was a total of 2,035,143 person-yearsof observation.
Results During periods when influenzavirus was circulating,the average number of hospitalizations for cardiopulmonary conditionsin excess of the expected number was 104 per 10,000 childrenper year for children younger than 6 months of age, 50 per 10,000per year for those 6 months to less than 12 months, 19 per 10,000per year for those 1 year to less than 3 years, 9 per 10,000per year for those 3 years to less than 5 years, and 4 per 10,000per year for those 5 years to less than 15 years. For every100 children, an annual average of 6 to 15 outpatient visitsand 3 to 9 courses of antibiotics were attributable to influenza.In winter, 10 to 30 percent of the excess number of coursesof antibiotics occurred during periods when influenzavirus wascirculating.
Conclusions Healthy children younger than one year of age arehospitalized for illness attributable to influenza at ratessimilar to those for adults at high risk for influenza. Therate of hospitalization decreases markedly with age. Influenzaaccounts for a substantial number of outpatient visits and coursesof antibiotics in children of all ages. (N Engl J Med 2000;342:225-31.)
Source Information
From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, and the Department of Veterans Affairs, Puget Sound Health Care System — both in Seattle (K.M.N.); and the Departments of Preventive Medicine (B.G.M., E.F.M., M.R.G.), Pediatrics (P.F.W.), and Medicine (M.R.G.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Neuzil at the Department of Veterans Affairs, Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Infectious Diseases 111, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108-1595, or at kneuzil{at}u.washington.edu.
Zaman, K., Roy, E., Arifeen, S. E., Rahman, M., Raqib, R., Wilson, E., Omer, S. B., Shahid, N. S., Breiman, R. E., Steinhoff, M. C.
(2008). Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Immunization in Mothers and Infants. NEJM
359: 1555-1564
[Abstract][Full Text]
Szilagyi, P. G., Fairbrother, G., Griffin, M. R., Hornung, R. W., Donauer, S., Morrow, A., Altaye, M., Zhu, Y., Ambrose, S., Edwards, K. M., Poehling, K. A., Lofthus, G., Holloway, M., Finelli, L., Iwane, M., Staat, M. A., for the New Vaccine Surveillance Network,
(2008). Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children 6 to 59 Months of Age During 2 Influenza Seasons: A Case-Cohort Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
162: 943-951
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sandora, T. J., Shih, M.-C., Goldmann, D. A.
(2008). Reducing Absenteeism From Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Illness in Elementary School Students: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Infection-Control Intervention. Pediatrics
121: e1555-e1562
[Abstract][Full Text]
Committee on Infectious Diseases,
(2008). Prevention of Influenza: Recommendations for Influenza Immunization of Children, 2007-2008. Pediatrics
121: e1016-e1031
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vesikari, T., Karvonen, A., Smith, H. M., Dunning, A., Razmpour, A., Saville, M. K., Gruber, W. C., Forrest, B. D.
(2008). Safety and Tolerability of Cold-Adapted Influenza Vaccine, Trivalent, in Infants Younger Than 6 Months of Age. Pediatrics
121: e568-e573
[Abstract][Full Text]
Miller, E. K., Griffin, M. R., Edwards, K. M., Weinberg, G. A., Szilagyi, P. G., Staat, M. A., Iwane, M. K., Zhu, Y., Hall, C. B., Fairbrother, G., Seither, R., Erdman, D., Lu, P., Poehling, K. A., and the New Vaccine Surveillance Network,
(2008). Influenza Burden for Children With Asthma. Pediatrics
121: 1-8
[Abstract][Full Text]
Britto, M. T, Schoettker, P. J, Pandzik, G. M, Weiland, J., Mandel, K. E
(2007). Improving influenza immunisation for high-risk children and adolescents. Qual Saf Health Care
16: 363-368
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shinall, M. C. Jr, Plosa, E. J., Poehling, K. A.
(2007). Validity of Parental Report of Influenza Vaccination in Children 6 to 59 Months of Age. Pediatrics
120: e783-e787
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lambert, S. B., Allen, K. M., Druce, J. D., Birch, C. J., Mackay, I. M., Carlin, J. B., Carapetis, J. R., Sloots, T. P., Nissen, M. D., Nolan, T. M.
(2007). Community Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus, Human Coronavirus NL63, and Other Respiratory Viruses in Healthy Preschool-Aged Children Using Parent-Collected Specimens. Pediatrics
120: e929-e937
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lewis, E. N., Griffin, M. R., Szilagyi, P. G., Zhu, Y., Edwards, K. M., Poehling, K. A.
(2007). Childhood Influenza: Number Needed to Vaccinate to Prevent 1 Hospitalization or Outpatient Visit. Pediatrics
120: 467-472
[Abstract][Full Text]
Piedra, P. A., Gaglani, M. J., Kozinetz, C. A., Herschler, G. B., Fewlass, C., Harvey, D., Zimmerman, N., Glezen, W. P.
(2007). Trivalent Live Attenuated Intranasal Influenza Vaccine Administered During the 2003 2004 Influenza Type A (H3N2) Outbreak Provided Immediate, Direct, and Indirect Protection in Children. Pediatrics
120: e553-e564
[Abstract][Full Text]
Daley, M. F., Crane, L. A., Chandramouli, V., Beaty, B. L., Barrow, J., Allred, N., Berman, S., Kempe, A.
(2007). Misperceptions About Influenza Vaccination Among Parents of Healthy Young Children. CLIN PEDIATR
46: 408-417
[Abstract]
Chiu, S. S., Peiris, J.S. M., Chan, K. H., Wong, W. H. S., Lau, Y. L.
(2007). Immunogenicity and Safety of Intradermal Influenza Immunization at a Reduced Dose in Healthy Children. Pediatrics
119: 1076-1082
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pollard, A. J
(2007). Childhood immunisation: what is the future?. Arch. Dis. Child.
92: 426-433
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Di Renzo, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Pellegrini, L., Del Boccio, G., Fano, F., Ledda, A., Bottari, A., Ricci, A., Stuard, S., Vinciguerra, G.
(2007). Prevention of Influenza Episodes With Colostrum Compared With Vaccination in Healthy and High-Risk Cardiovascular Subjects: The Epidemiologic Study in San Valentino. CLIN APPL THROMB HEMOST
13: 130-136
[Abstract]
Coffin, S. E., Zaoutis, T. E., Rosenquist, A. B. W., Heydon, K., Herrera, G., Bridges, C. B., Watson, B., Localio, R., Hodinka, R. L., Keren, R.
(2007). Incidence, Complications, and Risk Factors for Prolonged Stay in Children Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Influenza. Pediatrics
119: 740-748
[Abstract][Full Text]
Committee on Infectious Diseases,
(2007). Antiviral Therapy and Prophylaxis for Influenza in Children. Pediatrics
119: 852-860
[Abstract][Full Text]
Verani, J. R., Irigoyen, M., Chen, S., Chimkin, F.
(2007). Influenza Vaccine Coverage and Missed Opportunities Among Inner-city Children Aged 6 to 23 Months: 2000-2005. Pediatrics
119: e580-e586
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shuler, C. M., Iwamoto, M., Bridges, C. B., Marin, M., Neeman, R., Gargiullo, P., Yoder, T. A., Keyserling, H. L., Terebuh, P. D.
(2007). Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended, Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Among Children Aged 6 to 59 Months, 2003-2004. Pediatrics
119: e587-e595
[Abstract][Full Text]
Cox, N. J., Bridges, C. B.
(2007). Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines in Young Children -- How Do They Compare?. NEJM
356: 729-731
[Full Text]
Dodds, L., McNeil, S. A., Fell, D. B., Allen, V. M., Coombs, A., Scott, J., MacDonald, N.
(2007). Impact of influenza exposure on rates of hospital admissions and physician visits because of respiratory illness among pregnant women. CMAJ
176: 463-468
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grijalva, C. G., Poehling, K. A., Edwards, K. M., Weinberg, G. A., Staat, M. A., Iwane, M. K., Schaffner, W., Griffin, M. R.
(2007). Accuracy and Interpretation of Rapid Influenza Tests in Children. Pediatrics
119: e6-e11
[Abstract][Full Text]
France, E. K., Smith-Ray, R., McClure, D., Hambidge, S., Xu, S., Yamasaki, K., Shay, D., Weintraub, E., Fry, A. M., Black, S. B., Shinefield, H. R., Mullooly, J. P., Jackson, L. A., for the Vaccine Safety Datalink Team,
(2006). Impact of Maternal Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy on the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Illness Visits Among Infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
160: 1277-1283
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vesikari, T., Fleming, D. M., Aristegui, J. F., Vertruyen, A., Ashkenazi, S., Rappaport, R., Skinner, J., Saville, M. K., Gruber, W. C., Forrest, B. D., for the CAIV-T Pediatric Day Care Clinical Trial N,
(2006). Safety, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Cold-Adapted Influenza Vaccine-Trivalent Against Community-Acquired, Culture-Confirmed Influenza in Young Children Attending Day Care. Pediatrics
118: 2298-2312
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ampofo, K., Gesteland, P. H., Bender, J., Mills, M., Daly, J., Samore, M., Byington, C., Pavia, A. T., Srivastava, R.
(2006). Epidemiology, Complications, and Cost of Hospitalization in Children With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Infection. Pediatrics
118: 2409-2417
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pelletier, A. J., Mansbach, J. M., Camargo, C. A. Jr
(2006). Direct Medical Costs of Bronchiolitis Hospitalizations in the United States. Pediatrics
118: 2418-2423
[Abstract][Full Text]
Zimmerman, R. K., Hoberman, A., Nowalk, M. P., Lin, C. J., Greenberg, D. P., Weinberg, S. T., Ko, F. S., Fox, D. E.
(2006). Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates of High-Risk Inner-City Children Over 2 Intervention Years. Ann Fam Med
4: 534-540
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jackson, L. A., Neuzil, K. M., Baggs, J., Davis, R. L., Black, S., Yamasaki, K. M., Belongia, E., Zangwill, K. M., Mullooly, J., Nordin, J., Marcy, S. M., DeStefano, F.
(2006). Compliance With the Recommendations for 2 Doses of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children Less Than 9 Years of Age Receiving Influenza Vaccine for the First Time: A Vaccine Safety Datalink Study. Pediatrics
118: 2032-2037
[Abstract][Full Text]
Keren, R., Zaoutis, T. E., Saddlemire, S., Luan, X. Q., Coffin, S. E.
(2006). Direct Medical Cost of Influenza-Related Hospitalizations in Children. Pediatrics
118: e1321-e1327
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hambidge, S. J., Glanz, J. M., France, E. K., McClure, D., Xu, S., Yamasaki, K., Jackson, L., Mullooly, J. P., Zangwill, K. M., Marcy, S. M., Black, S. B., Lewis, E. M., Shinefield, H. R., Belongia, E., Nordin, J., Chen, R. T., Shay, D. K., Davis, R. L., DeStefano, F., for the Vaccine Safety Datalink Team,
(2006). Safety of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Children 6 to 23 Months Old. JAMA
296: 1990-1997
[Abstract][Full Text]
Santibanez, T. A., Santoli, J. M., Bridges, C. B., Euler, G. L.
(2006). Influenza Vaccination Coverage of Children Aged 6 to 23 Months: The 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 Influenza Seasons. Pediatrics
118: 1167-1175
[Abstract][Full Text]
Walter, E. B., Neuzil, K. M., Zhu, Y., Fairchok, M. P., Gagliano, M. E., Monto, A. S., Englund, J. A.
(2006). Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in 6- to 23-Month-Old Children: Are Identical Antigens Necessary for Priming?. Pediatrics
118: e570-e578
[Abstract][Full Text]
Englund, J. A., Walter, E. B., Gbadebo, A., Monto, A. S., Zhu, Y., Neuzil, K. M.
(2006). Immunization With Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Partially Immunized Toddlers. Pediatrics
118: e579-e585
[Abstract][Full Text]
Moore, D. L., Vaudry, W., Scheifele, D. W., Halperin, S. A., Dery, P., Ford-Jones, E., Arishi, H. M., Law, B. J., Lebel, M., Le Saux, N., Grimsrud, K., Tam, T.
(2006). Surveillance for Influenza Admissions Among Children Hospitalized in Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program Active Centers, 2003-2004. Pediatrics
118: e610-e619
[Abstract][Full Text]
Naleway, A. L., Smith, W. J., Mullooly, J. P.
(2006). Delivering Influenza Vaccine to Pregnant Women. Epidemiol Rev
28: 47-53
[Abstract][Full Text]
Poehling, K. A., Edwards, K. M., Weinberg, G. A., Szilagyi, P., Staat, M. A., Iwane, M. K., Bridges, C. B., Grijalva, C. G., Zhu, Y., Bernstein, D. I., Herrera, G., Erdman, D., Hall, C. B., Seither, R., Griffin, M. R., the New Vaccine Surveillance Network,
(2006). The underrecognized burden of influenza in young children.. NEJM
355: 31-40
[Abstract][Full Text]
Edelbauer, M., Wurzner, R., Jahn, B., Zimmerhackl, L. B.
(2006). C-Reactive Protein and Leukocytes Do Not Reliably Indicate Severity of Influenza A Infection in Childhood. CLIN PEDIATR
45: 531-536
[Abstract]
Poehling, K. A., Zhu, Y., Tang, Y.-W., Edwards, K.
(2006). Accuracy and Impact of a Point-of-Care Rapid Influenza Test in Young Children With Respiratory Illnesses. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
160: 713-718
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bourgeois, F. T., Valim, C., Wei, J. C., McAdam, A. J., Mandl, K. D.
(2006). Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus-Related Emergency Department Visits Among Young Children. Pediatrics
118: e1-e8
[Abstract][Full Text]
Roberts, S., Hollier, L. M., Sheffield, J., Laibl, V., Wendel, G. D. Jr
(2006). Cost-effectiveness of universal influenza vaccination in a pregnant population.. Obstet Gynecol
107: 1323-1329
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stephenson, I., Democratis, J.
(2006). Influenza: current threat from avian influenza. Br Med Bull
75-76: 63-80
[Abstract][Full Text]
Louie, J. K., Schechter, R., Honarmand, S., Guevara, H. F., Shoemaker, T. R., Madrigal, N. Y., Woodfill, C. J.I., Backer, H. D., Glaser, C. A.
(2006). Severe Pediatric Influenza in California, 2003-2005: Implications for Immunization Recommendations. Pediatrics
117: e610-e618
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ma, K.K., Schaffner, W., Colmenares, C., Howser, J., Jones, J., Poehling, K.A.
(2006). Influenza Vaccinations of Young Children Increased With Media Coverage in 2003. Pediatrics
117: e157-e163
[Abstract][Full Text]
Daley, M. F., Crane, L. A., Chandramouli, V., Beaty, B. L., Barrow, J., Allred, N., Berman, S., Kempe, A.
(2006). Influenza Among Healthy Young Children: Changes in Parental Attitudes and Predictors of Immunization During the 2003 to 2004 Influenza Season. Pediatrics
117: e268-e277
[Abstract][Full Text]
Beard, F, McIntyre, P, Gidding, H, Watson, M
(2006). Influenza related hospitalisations in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Arch. Dis. Child.
91: 20-25
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bhat, N., Wright, J. G., Broder, K. R., Murray, E. L., Greenberg, M. E., Glover, M. J., Likos, A. M., Posey, D. L., Klimov, A., Lindstrom, S. E., Balish, A., Medina, M.-j., Wallis, T. R., Guarner, J., Paddock, C. D., Shieh, W.-J., Zaki, S. R., Sejvar, J. J., Shay, D. K., Harper, S. A., Cox, N. J., Fukuda, K., Uyeki, T. M., the Influenza Special Investigations Team,
(2005). Influenza-Associated Deaths among Children in the United States, 2003-2004. NEJM
353: 2559-2567
[Abstract][Full Text]
Neuzil, K. M., Griffin, M. R.
(2005). Vaccine Safety--Achieving the Proper Balance. JAMA
294: 2763-2765
[Full Text]
Keren, R., Zaoutis, T. E., Bridges, C. B., Herrera, G., Watson, B. M., Wheeler, A. B., Licht, D. J., Luan, X. Q., Coffin, S. E.
(2005). Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease as a Risk Factor for Respiratory Failure in Children Hospitalized With Influenza Infection. JAMA
294: 2188-2194
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rothberg, M. B., Fisher, D., Kelly, B., Rose, D. N.
(2005). Management of Influenza Symptoms in Healthy Children: Cost-effectiveness of Rapid Testing and Antiviral Therapy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
159: 1055-1062
[Abstract][Full Text]
Brownstein, J. S., Kleinman, K. P., Mandl, K. D.
(2005). Identifying Pediatric Age Groups for Influenza Vaccination Using a Real-Time Regional Surveillance System. Am J Epidemiol
162: 686-693
[Abstract][Full Text]
Piedra, P. A., Gaglani, M. J., Riggs, M., Herschler, G., Fewlass, C., Watts, M., Kozinetz, C., Hessel, C., Glezen, W. P.
(2005). Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine, Trivalent, Is Safe in Healthy Children 18 Months to 4 Years, 5 to 9 Years, and 10 to 18 Years of Age in a Community-Based, Nonrandomized, Open-Label Trial. Pediatrics
116: e397-e407
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ritzwoller, D. P., Bridges, C. B., Shetterly, S., Yamasaki, K., Kolczak, M., France, E. K.
(2005). Effectiveness of the 2003-2004 Influenza Vaccine Among Children 6 Months to 8 Years of Age, With 1 vs 2 Doses. Pediatrics
116: 153-159
[Abstract][Full Text]
Teo, S S S, Nguyen-Van-Tam, J S, Booy, R
(2005). Influenza burden of illness, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention: what is the evidence in children and where are the gaps?. Arch. Dis. Child.
90: 532-536
[Abstract][Full Text]
Englund, J. A., Walter, E. B., Fairchok, M. P., Monto, A. S., Neuzil, K. M.
(2005). A Comparison of 2 Influenza Vaccine Schedules in 6- to 23-Month-Old Children. Pediatrics
115: 1039-1047
[Abstract][Full Text]
Humiston, S. G., Lerner, E. B., Hepworth, E., Blythe, T., Goepp, J. G.
(2005). Parent Opinions About Universal Influenza Vaccination for Infants and Toddlers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
159: 108-112
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kempe, A., Daley, M. F., Barrow, J., Allred, N., Hester, N., Beaty, B. L., Crane, L. A., Pearson, K., Berman, S.
(2005). Implementation of Universal Influenza Immunization Recommendations for Healthy Young Children: Results of a Randomized, Controlled Trial With Registry-Based Recall. Pediatrics
115: 146-154
[Abstract][Full Text]
Langley, J. M., Faughnan, M. E., The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care,
(2004). Prevention of influenza in the general population: recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ
171: 1169-1170
[Full Text]
Langley, J. M., Faughnan, M. E.
(2004). Prevention of influenza in the general population. CMAJ
171: 1213-1222
[Abstract][Full Text]
France, E. K., Glanz, J. M., Xu, S., Davis, R. L., Black, S. B., Shinefield, H. R., Zangwill, K. M., Marcy, S. M., Mullooly, J. P., Jackson, L. A., Chen, R.
(2004). Safety of the Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Among Children: A Population-Based Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
158: 1031-1036
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pappano, D., Humiston, S., Goepp, J.
(2004). Efficacy of a Pediatric Emergency Department-Based Influenza Vaccination Program. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
158: 1077-1083
[Abstract][Full Text]
Principi, N, Esposito, S, Gasparini, R, Marchisio, P, Crovari, P, for the Flu-Flu Study Group*,
(2004). Burden of influenza in healthy children and their households. Arch. Dis. Child.
89: 1002-1007
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hemingway, C. O., Poehling, K. A.
(2004). Change in Recommendation Affects Influenza Vaccinations Among Children 6 to 59 Months of Age. Pediatrics
114: 948-952
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thompson, W. W., Shay, D. K., Weintraub, E., Brammer, L., Bridges, C. B., Cox, N. J., Fukuda, K.
(2004). Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA
292: 1333-1340
[Abstract][Full Text]
Humiston, S. G., Szilagyi, P. G., Iwane, M. K., Schaffer, S. J., Santoli, J., Shone, L., Barth, R., McInerny, T., Schwartz, B.
(2004). The Feasibility of Universal Influenza Vaccination for Infants and Toddlers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
158: 867-874
[Abstract][Full Text]
Poehling, K. A., Lafleur, B. J., Szilagyi, P. G., Edwards, K. M., Mitchel, E., Barth, R., Schwartz, B., Griffin, M. R.
(2004). Population-Based Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Young Children. Pediatrics
114: 755-761
[Abstract][Full Text]
Baydur, A.
(2004). Influenza Vaccination in Vulnerable Populations. Chest
125: 1971-1972
[Full Text]
Iwane, M. K., Edwards, K. M., Szilagyi, P. G., Walker, F. J., Griffin, M. R., Weinberg, G. A., Coulen, C., Poehling, K. A., Shone, L. P., Balter, S., Hall, C. B., Erdman, D. D., Wooten, K., Schwartz, B., for the New Vaccine Surveillance Network,
(2004). Population-Based Surveillance for Hospitalizations Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza Virus, and Parainfluenza Viruses Among Young Children. Pediatrics
113: 1758-1764
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meissner, H. C., Rennels, M. B.
(2004). Unpredictable Patterns of Viral Respiratory Disease in Children. Pediatrics
113: 1814-1816
[Full Text]
Committee on Infectious Diseases,
(2004). Recommendations for Influenza Immunization of Children. Pediatrics
113: 1441-1447
[Abstract][Full Text]
Friedman, M. J., Attia, M. W.
(2004). Clinical Predictors of Influenza in Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
158: 391-394
[Abstract][Full Text]
Frisbie, B., Tang, Y.-W., Griffin, M., Poehling, K., Wright, P. F., Holland, K., Edwards, K. M.
(2004). Surveillance of Childhood Influenza Virus Infection: What Is the Best Diagnostic Method To Use for Archival Samples?. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 1181-1184
[Abstract][Full Text]
O'Brien, M. A., Uyeki, T. M., Shay, D. K., Thompson, W. W., Kleinman, K., McAdam, A., Yu, X.-J., Platt, R., Lieu, T. A.
(2004). Incidence of Outpatient Visits and Hospitalizations Related to Influenza in Infants and Young Children. Pediatrics
113: 585-593
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boivin, G., Cote, S., Dery, P., De Serres, G., Bergeron, M. G.
(2004). Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Influenza and Human Respiratory Syncytial Viruses. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 45-51
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gaglani, M. J., Herschler, G. B.
(2004). Every Nose Counts: A New Influenza Vaccine for All Healthy Schoolchildren?. CLIN PEDIATR
43: 35-41
[Abstract]
Gaglani, M. J., Piedra, P. A., Herschler, G. B., Griffith, M. E., Kozinetz, C. A., Riggs, M. W., Fewlass, C., Halloran, M. E., Longini, I. M. Jr, Glezen, W. P.
(2004). Direct and Total Effectiveness of the Intranasal, Live-Attenuated, Trivalent Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine Against the 2000-2001 Influenza A(H1N1) and B Epidemic in Healthy Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
158: 65-73
[Abstract][Full Text]
Daley, M. F., Barrow, J., Pearson, K., Crane, L. A., Gao, D., Stevenson, J. M., Berman, S., Kempe, A.
(2004). Identification and Recall of Children With Chronic Medical Conditions for Influenza Vaccination. Pediatrics
113: e26-33
[Abstract][Full Text]
Szilagyi, P. G., Iwane, M. K., Schaffer, S., Humiston, S. G., Barth, R., McInerny, T., Shone, L., Schwartz, B.
(2003). Potential Burden of Universal Influenza Vaccination of Young Children on Visits to Primary Care Practices. Pediatrics
112: 821-828
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hoberman, A., Greenberg, D. P., Paradise, J. L., Rockette, H. E., Lave, J. R., Kearney, D. H., Colborn, D. K., Kurs-Lasky, M., Haralam, M. A., Byers, C. J., Zoffel, L. M., Fabian, I. A., Bernard, B. S., Kerr, J. D.
(2003). Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Preventing Acute Otitis Media in Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA
290: 1608-1616
[Abstract][Full Text]
Quach, C., Piche-Walker, L., Platt, R., Moore, D.
(2003). Risk Factors Associated With Severe Influenza Infections in Childhood: Implication for Vaccine Strategy. Pediatrics
112: e197-201
[Abstract][Full Text]
van Woensel, J B M, van Aalderen, W M C, Kimpen, J L L
(2003). Viral lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. BMJ
327: 36-40
[Full Text]
Harnden, A., Brueggemann, A., Shepperd, S., White, J., Hayward, A. C, Zambon, M., Crook, D., Mant, D.
(2003). Near patient testing for influenza in children in primary care: comparison with laboratory test. BMJ
326: 480-480
[Full Text]
Szilagyi, P. G., Iwane, M. K., Humiston, S. E., Schaffer, S., McInerny, T., Shone, L., Jennings, J., Washington, M. L., Schwartz, B.
(2003). Time Spent by Primary Care Practices on Pediatric Influenza Vaccination Visits: Implications for Universal Influenza Vaccination. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
157: 191-195
[Abstract][Full Text]
Grant, V. J., Le Saux, N., Plint, A. C., Correll, R., Gaboury, I., Ellis, E., Tam, T. W.S.
(2003). Factors influencing childhood influenza immunization. CMAJ
168: 39-41
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aoki, F. Y., Macleod, M. D., Paggiaro, P., Carewicz, O., El Sawy, A., Wat, C., Griffiths, M., Waalberg, E., Ward, P., on behalf of the IMPACT Study Group,
(2003). Early administration of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother
51: 123-129
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chiu, S. S., Lau, Y. L., Chan, K. H., Wong, W. H. S., Peiris, J.S. M.
(2002). Influenza-Related Hospitalizations among Children in Hong Kong. NEJM
347: 2097-2103
[Abstract][Full Text]
Griffin, M. R., Neuzil, K. M.
(2002). The Global Implications of Influenza in Hong Kong. NEJM
347: 2159-2162
[Full Text]
Byington, C. L., Castillo, H., Gerber, K., Daly, J. A., Brimley, L. A., Adams, S., Christenson, J. C., Pavia, A. T.
(2002). The Effect of Rapid Respiratory Viral Diagnostic Testing on Antibiotic Use in a Children's Hospital. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
156: 1230-1234
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rennels, M. B., Meissner, H. C., Committee on Infectious Diseases,
(2002). Technical Report: Reduction of the Influenza Burden in Children. Pediatrics
110: e80-e80
[Abstract][Full Text]
Committee on Infectious Diseases,
(2002). Reduction of the Influenza Burden in Children. Pediatrics
110: 1246-1252
[Abstract][Full Text]
Piedra, P. A., Yan, L., Kotloff, K., Zangwill, K., Bernstein, D. I., King, J., Treanor, J., Munoz, F., Wolff, M., Cho, I., Mendelman, P. M., Cordova, J., Belshe, R. B.
(2002). Safety of the Trivalent, Cold-Adapted Influenza Vaccine in Preschool-Aged Children. Pediatrics
110: 662-672
[Abstract][Full Text]
Quach, C., Newby, D., Daoust, G., Rubin, E., McDonald, J.
(2002). QuickVue Influenza Test for Rapid Detection of Influenza A and B Viruses in a Pediatric Population. CVI
9: 925-926
[Abstract][Full Text]
Poehling, K. A., Griffin, M. R., Dittus, R. S., Tang, Y.-W., Holland, K., Li, H., Edwards, K. M.
(2002). Bedside Diagnosis of Influenzavirus Infections in Hospitalized Children. Pediatrics
110: 83-88
[Abstract][Full Text]
Griffin, M. R., Coffey, C. S., Neuzil, K. M., Mitchel, E. F. Jr, Wright, P. F., Edwards, K. M.
(2002). Winter Viruses: Influenza- and Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Morbidity in Chronic Lung Disease. Arch Intern Med
162: 1229-1236
[Abstract][Full Text]
