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Renal-cell carcinoma is sometimes said to be the cancer that is most resistant to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Once renal-cell carcinoma has spread beyond the kidney, therapeutic options are limited. In the United States alone, 12,000 people die each year of metastatic renal cancer. As the authors of the chapter on chemotherapy in this book emphasize, "Clearly, new targets and drugs need to be identified, if response and survival are to be improved."
Two features of renal-cell carcinoma suggest that the future of treatment for renal cancer lies in immunologic or targeted therapeutic strategies. First, renal-cell carcinoma occasionally responds
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