FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 343:1388-1398 November 9, 2000 Number 19 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text PDF Purchase this article Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited Related Article by Bergler-Klein, J. PubMed Citation

Myocarditis is defined clinically as inflammation of the heart muscle. First introduced into the medical literature at the beginning of the 19th century, the term "myocarditis" was initially used to describe diseases of the heart muscle not associated with valvular abnormalities.¹ With the recognition of the importance of coronary-artery occlusion as a cause of heart-muscle disease at the beginning of the 20th century, the term was largely discarded. In the second half of the 20th century, a constellation of clinical observations renewed interest in inflammation of the heart muscle: myocarditis was recognized in a surprisingly large number of postmortem studies². . . [Full Text of this Article]

Epidemiology

Causation

Lessons from Animal Models of Myocarditis

Pathobiology in Humans

Diagnosis

Treatment

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Feldman at the Cardiovascular Institute, UPMC Health System, 200 Lothrop St., S-572 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, or at feldmanam@msx.upmc.edu.

References

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Dennert, R., Crijns, H. J., Heymans, S. (2008). Acute viral myocarditis. Eur Heart J 29: 2073-2082 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kindermann, I., Kindermann, M., Kandolf, R., Klingel, K., Bultmann, B., Muller, T., Lindinger, A., Bohm, M. (2008). Predictors of Outcome in Patients With Suspected Myocarditis. Circulation 118: 639-648 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kania, G., Blyszczuk, P., Valaperti, A., Dieterle, T., Leimenstoll, B., Dirnhofer, S., Zulewski, H., Eriksson, U. (2008). Prominin-1+/CD133+ bone marrow-derived heart-resident cells suppress experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 0: cvn190v2-10 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gao, G., Zhang, J., Si, X., Wong, J., Cheung, C., McManus, B., Luo, H. (2008). Proteasome inhibition attenuates coxsackievirus-induced myocardial damage in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 295: H401-H408 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Leipner, C., Grun, K., Muller, A., Buchdunger, E., Borsi, L., Kosmehl, H., Berndt, A., Janik, T., Uecker, A., Kiehntopf, M., Bohmer, F.-D. (2008). Imatinib mesylate attenuates fibrosis in coxsackievirus b3-induced chronic myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 79: 118-126 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Valaperti, A., Marty, R. R., Kania, G., Germano, D., Mauermann, N., Dirnhofer, S., Leimenstoll, B., Blyszczuk, P., Dong, C., Mueller, C., Hunziker, L., Eriksson, U. (2008). CD11b+ Monocytes Abrogate Th17 CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. J. Immunol. 180: 2686-2695 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Uhl, T. L. (2008). Viral Myocarditis in Children. Crit Care Nurse 28: 42-63 [Full Text]  
• Gutberlet, M., Spors, B., Thoma, T., Bertram, H., Denecke, T., Felix, R., Noutsias, M., Schultheiss, H.-P., Kuhl, U. (2008). Suspected Chronic Myocarditis at Cardiac MR: Diagnostic Accuracy and Association with Immunohistologically Detected Inflammation and Viral Persistence. Radiology 246: 401-409 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brunetti, L., DeSantis, E. R. H. (2008). Treatment of viral myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B. Am J Health Syst Pharm 65: 132-137 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Song, X., Liu, Z., Wang, H., Xin, Y., Wang, X., Chen, J., Shi, Y., Zhang, C., Hui, R. (2007). QiHong Prevents Death in Coxsackievirus B3 Induced Murine Myocarditis Through Inhibition of Virus Attachment and Penetration. Exp. Biol. Med. 232: 1441-1448 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Meimoun, P., Malaquin, D., Benali, T. (2007). Reply to the letter to the editor by F. Tona et al.. Eur J Echocardiogr 8: 413-415 [Full Text]  
• Freedman, S. B., Haladyn, J. K., Floh, A., Kirsh, J. A., Taylor, G., Thull-Freedman, J. (2007). Pediatric Myocarditis: Emergency Department Clinical Findings and Diagnostic Evaluation. Pediatrics 120: 1278-1285 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sabatine, M. S., Poh, K.-K., Mega, J. L., Shepard, J.-A. O., Stone, J. R., Frosch, M. P. (2007). Case 36-2007 -- A 31-Year-Old Woman with Rash, Fever, and Hypotension. NEJM 357: 2167-2178 [Full Text]  
• Hausler, M., Sellhaus, B., Scheithauer, S., Gaida, B., Kuropka, S., Siepmann, K., Panek, A., Berg, W., Teubner, A., Ritter, K., Kleines, M. (2007). Myocarditis in newborn wild-type BALB/c mice infected with the murine gamma herpesvirus MHV-68. Cardiovasc Res 76: 323-330 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zanone, M. M., Favaro, E., Ferioli, E., Huang, G. C., Klein, N. J., Perin, P. C., Peakman, M., Conaldi, P. G., Camussi, G. (2007). Human pancreatic islet endothelial cells express coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor and are activated by coxsackie B virus infection. FASEB J. 21: 3308-3317 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yanagawa, B., Kataoka, M., Ohnishi, S., Kodama, M., Tanaka, K., Miyahara, Y., Ishibashi-Ueda, H., Aizawa, Y., Kangawa, K., Nagaya, N. (2007). Infusion of adrenomedullin improves acute myocarditis via attenuation of myocardial inflammation and edema. Cardiovasc Res 76: 110-118 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Reifenberg, K., Lehr, H.-A., Torzewski, M., Steige, G., Wiese, E., Kupper, I., Becker, C., Ott, S., Nusser, P., Yamamura, K.-I., Rechtsteiner, G., Warger, T., Pautz, A., Kleinert, H., Schmidt, A., Pieske, B., Wenzel, P., Munzel, T., Lohler, J. (2007). Interferon-{gamma} Induces Chronic Active Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy in Transgenic Mice. Am. J. Pathol. 171: 463-472 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Akhavein, F., St.-Michel, E. J., Seifert, E., Rohlicek, C. V. (2007). Decreased left ventricular function, myocarditis, and coronary arteriolar medial thickening following monocrotaline administration in adult rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 103: 287-295 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ornato, J. P., Muller, J. E., Froelicher, E. S., Kloner, R. A. (2007). Task Force II: Indirect and Secondary Cardiovascular Effects of Biological Terrorism Agents and Diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 1389-1397 [Full Text]  
• Marsland, B. J., Nembrini, C., Grun, K., Reissmann, R., Kurrer, M., Leipner, C., Kopf, M. (2007). TLR Ligands Act Directly upon T Cells to Restore Proliferation in the Absence of Protein Kinase C-{theta} Signaling and Promote Autoimmune Myocarditis. J. Immunol. 178: 3466-3473 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kyto, V., Saraste, A., Voipio-Pulkki, L.-M., Saukko, P. (2007). Incidence of Fatal Myocarditis: A Population-based Study in Finland. Am J Epidemiol 165: 570-574 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xiong, D., Yajima, T., Lim, B.-K., Stenbit, A., Dublin, A., Dalton, N. D., Summers-Torres, D., Molkentin, J. D., Duplain, H., Wessely, R., Chen, J., Knowlton, K. U. (2007). Inducible Cardiac-Restricted Expression of Enteroviral Protease 2A Is Sufficient to Induce Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 115: 94-102 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hardarson, H. S., Baker, J. S., Yang, Z., Purevjav, E., Huang, C.-H., Alexopoulou, L., Li, N., Flavell, R. A., Bowles, N. E., Vallejo, J. G. (2007). Toll-like receptor 3 is an essential component of the innate stress response in virus-induced cardiac injury. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 292: H251-H258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• PERGAM, S. A., DELONG, C. E., ECHEVARRIA, L., SCULLY, G., GOADE, D. E. (2006). MYOCARDITIS IN WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1232-1233 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yuan, J., Stein, D. A., Lim, T., Qiu, D., Coughlin, S., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Blouch, R., Moulton, H. M., Iversen, P. L., Yang, D. (2006). Inhibition of Coxsackievirus B3 in Cell Cultures and in Mice by Peptide-Conjugated Morpholino Oligomers Targeting the Internal Ribosome Entry Site. J. Virol. 80: 11510-11519 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li, Y., Heuser, J. S., Cunningham, L. C., Kosanke, S. D., Cunningham, M. W. (2006). Mimicry and Antibody-Mediated Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Myocarditis. J. Immunol. 177: 8234-8240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Skouri, H. N., Dec, G. W., Friedrich, M. G., Cooper, L. T. (2006). Noninvasive Imaging in Myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: 2085-2093 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mahrholdt, H., Wagner, A., Deluigi, C. C., Kispert, E., Hager, S., Meinhardt, G., Vogelsberg, H., Fritz, P., Dippon, J., Bock, C. -T., Klingel, K., Kandolf, R., Sechtem, U. (2006). Presentation, Patterns of Myocardial Damage, and Clinical Course of Viral Myocarditis. Circulation 114: 1581-1590 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maisch, B., Pankuweit, S., Karatolios, K., Ristic, A. D. (2006). Invasive techniques--from diagnosis to treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45: iv32-iv38 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amabile, N, Fraisse, A, Bouvenot, J, Chetaille, P, Ovaert, C (2006). Outcome of acute fulminant myocarditis in children. Heart 92: 1269-1273 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Esfandiarei, M., Suarez, A., Amaral, A., Si, X., Rahmani, M., Dedhar, S., McManus, B. M. (2006). Novel Role for Integrin-Linked Kinase in Modulation of Coxsackievirus B3 Replication and Virus-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury. Circ. Res. 99: 354-361 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Saraste, A., Kyto, V., Saraste, M., Vuorinen, T., Hartiala, J., Saukko, P. (2006). Coronary flow reserve and heart failure in experimental coxsackievirus myocarditis. A transthoracic Doppler echocardiography study. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291: H871-H875 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lim, B.-K., Choi, J.-H., Nam, J.-H., Gil, C.-O., Shin, J.-O., Yun, S.-H., Kim, D.-K., Jeon, E.-S. (2006). Virus receptor trap neutralizes coxsackievirus in experimental murine viral myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 71: 517-526 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Viotti, R., Vigliano, C., Lococo, B., Bertocchi, G., Petti, M., Alvarez, M. G., Postan, M., Armenti, A. (2006). Long-Term Cardiac Outcomes of Treating Chronic Chagas Disease with Benznidazole versus No Treatment: A Nonrandomized Trial. ANN INTERN MED 144: 724-734 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vogel-Claussen, J., Rochitte, C. E., Wu, K. C., Kamel, I. R., Foo, T. K., Lima, J. A. C., Bluemke, D. A. (2006). Delayed enhancement MR imaging: utility in myocardial assessment.. RadioGraphics 26: 795-810 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• De Cobelli, F., Pieroni, M., Esposito, A., Chimenti, C., Belloni, E., Mellone, R., Canu, T., Perseghin, G., Gaudio, C., Maseri, A., Frustaci, A., Del Maschio, A. (2006). Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Chronic Myocarditis Presenting With Heart Failure or Recurrent Arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 47: 1649-1654 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fairweather, D., Frisancho-Kiss, S., Njoku, D. B., Nyland, J. F., Kaya, Z., Yusung, S. A., Davis, S. E., Frisancho, J. A., Barrett, M. A., Rose, N. R. (2006). Complement Receptor 1 and 2 Deficiency Increases Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, and Heart Failure by Increasing Macrophages, IL-1beta, and Immune Complex Deposition in the Heart. J. Immunol. 176: 3516-3524 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Magnani, J. W., Dec, G. W. (2006). Myocarditis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment. Circulation 113: 876-890 [Full Text]  
• Merrill, D. B., Ahmari, S. E., Bradford, J.-M. E., Lieberman, J. A. (2006). Myocarditis During Clozapine Treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 163: 204-208 [Full Text]  
• Marty, R. R., Dirnhofer, S., Mauermann, N., Schweikert, S., Akira, S., Hunziker, L., Penninger, J. M., Eriksson, U. (2006). MyD88 Signaling Controls Autoimmune Myocarditis Induction. Circulation 113: 258-265 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Casey, C. G., Iskander, J. K., Roper, M. H., Mast, E. E., Wen, X.-J., Torok, T. J., Chapman, L. E., Swerdlow, D. L., Morgan, J., Heffelfinger, J. D., Vitek, C., Reef, S. E., Hasbrouck, L. M., Damon, I., Neff, L., Vellozzi, C., McCauley, M., Strikas, R. A., Mootrey, G. (2005). Adverse Events Associated With Smallpox Vaccination in the United States, January-October 2003. JAMA 294: 2734-2743 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asaumi, Y., Yasuda, S., Morii, I., Kakuchi, H., Otsuka, Y., Kawamura, A., Sasako, Y., Nakatani, T., Nonogi, H., Miyazaki, S. (2005). Favourable clinical outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock due to fulminant myocarditis supported by percutaneous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur Heart J 26: 2185-2192 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Law, W G, Thong, B Y, Lian, T Y, Kong, K O, Chng, H H (2005). Acute lupus myocarditis: clinical features and outcome of an oriental case series. Lupus 14: 827-831 [Abstract]  
• Laissy, J.-P., Hyafil, F., Feldman, L. J., Juliard, J.-M., Schouman-Claeys, E., Steg, P. G., Faraggi, M. (2005). Differentiating Acute Myocardial Infarction from Myocarditis: Diagnostic Value of Early- and Delayed-Perfusion Cardiac MR Imaging. Radiology 237: 75-82 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kuhl, U., Pauschinger, M., Seeberg, B., Lassner, D., Noutsias, M., Poller, W., Schultheiss, H.-P. (2005). Viral Persistence in the Myocardium Is Associated With Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction. Circulation 112: 1965-1970 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fairweather, D, Rose, N R (2005). Inflammatory heart disease: a role for cytokines. Lupus 14: 646-651 [Abstract]  
• Li, Y., Heuser, J. S., Kosanke, S. D., Hemric, M., Cunningham, M. W. (2005). Protection against Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis Is Mediated by Interleukin-10-Producing T Cells that Are Controlled by Dendritic Cells. Am. J. Pathol. 167: 5-15 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abdel-Aty, H., Boye, P., Zagrosek, A., Wassmuth, R., Kumar, A., Messroghli, D., Bock, P., Dietz, R., Friedrich, M. G., Schulz-Menger, J. (2005). Diagnostic Performance of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Suspected Acute Myocarditis: Comparison of Different Approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1815-1822 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Merl, S., Michaelis, C., Jaschke, B., Vorpahl, M., Seidl, S., Wessely, R. (2005). Targeting 2A Protease by RNA Interference Attenuates Coxsackieviral Cytopathogenicity and Promotes Survival in Highly Susceptible Mice. Circulation 111: 1583-1592 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, D., Qiu, D. (2005). Linkage between elevated PDGF-C expression and myocardial fibrogenesis in coxsackievirus B3-induced chronic myocarditis. Eur Heart J 26: 642-643 [Full Text]  
• Kuhl, U., Pauschinger, M., Noutsias, M., Seeberg, B., Bock, T., Lassner, D., Poller, W., Kandolf, R., Schultheiss, H.-P. (2005). High Prevalence of Viral Genomes and Multiple Viral Infections in the Myocardium of Adults With "Idiopathic" Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Circulation 111: 887-893 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fairweather, D., Frisancho-Kiss, S., Yusung, S. A., Barrett, M. A., Davis, S. E., Steele, R. A., Gatewood, S. J. L., Rose, N. R. (2005). IL-12 Protects against Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis by Increasing IFN-{gamma} and Macrophage and Neutrophil Populations in the Heart. J. Immunol. 174: 261-269 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fairweather, D., Frisancho-Kiss, S., Yusung, S. A., Barrett, M. A., Davis, S. E., Gatewood, S. J.L., Njoku, D. B., Rose, N. R. (2004). Interferon-{gamma} Protects against Chronic Viral Myocarditis by Reducing Mast Cell Degranulation, Fibrosis, and the Profibrotic Cytokines Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1, Interleukin-1{beta}, and Interleukin-4 in the Heart. Am. J. Pathol. 165: 1883-1894 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Azuma, R. W., Suzuki, J.-i., Ogawa, M., Futamatsu, H., Koga, N., Onai, Y., Kosuge, H., Isobe, M. (2004). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor attenuates experimental autoimmune myocarditis through inhibition of T cell activation. Cardiovasc Res 64: 412-420 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• DeBiasi, R. L., Robinson, B. A., Sherry, B., Bouchard, R., Brown, R. D., Rizeq, M., Long, C., Tyler, K. L. (2004). Caspase Inhibition Protects against Reovirus-Induced Myocardial Injury In Vitro and In Vivo. J. Virol. 78: 11040-11050 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arness, M. K., Eckart, R. E., Love, S. S., Atwood, J. E., Wells, T. S., Engler, R. J. M., Collins, L. C., Ludwig, S. L., Riddle, J. R., Grabenstein, J. D., Tornberg, D. N. (2004). Myopericarditis following Smallpox Vaccination. Am J Epidemiol 160: 642-651 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Basti, A, Taylor, S, Tschopp, M, Sztajzel, J (2004). Fatal fulminant myocarditis caused by disseminated mucormycosis. Heart 90: e60-e60 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gagliardi, M G., Bevilacqua, M, Bassano, C, Leonardi, B, Boldrini, R, Camassei, F D., Fierabracci, A, Ugazio, A G, Bottazzo, G F (2004). Long term follow up of children with myocarditis treated by immunosuppression and of children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 90: 1167-1171 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Marder, S. R., Essock, S. M., Miller, A. L., Buchanan, R. W., Casey, D. E., Davis, J. M., Kane, J. M., Lieberman, J. A., Schooler, N. R., Covell, N., Stroup, S., Weissman, E. M., Wirshing, D. A., Hall, C. S., Pogach, L., Pi-Sunyer, X., Bigger, J. T. Jr., Friedman, A., Kleinberg, D., Yevich, S. J., Davis, B., Shon, S. (2004). Physical Health Monitoring of Patients With Schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161: 1334-1349 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eckart, R. E., Love, S. S., Atwood, J. E., Arness, M. K., Cassimatis, D. C., Campbell, C. L., Boyd, S. Y., Murphy, J. G., Swerdlow, D. L., Collins, L. C., Riddle, J. R., Tornberg, D. N., Grabenstein, J. D., Engler, R. J. M., Department of Defense Smallpox Vaccination Clinica, (2004). Incidence and follow-up of inflammatory cardiac complications after smallpox vaccination. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 201-205 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Viotti, R J, Vigliano, C, Laucella, S, Lococo, B, Petti, M, Bertocchi, G, Ruiz Vera, B, Armenti, H (2004). Value of echocardiography for diagnosis and prognosis of chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy without heart failure. Heart 90: 655-660 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Busteed, S, Sparrow, P, Molloy, C, Molloy, M G (2004). Myocarditis as a prognostic indicator in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad. Med. J. 80: 366-367 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pankuweit, S., Lamparter, S., Schoppet, M., Maisch, B. (2004). Parvovirus B19 Genome in Endomyocardial Biopsy Specimen. Circulation 109: e179-e179 [Full Text]  
• Taylor, J. A., Havari, E., McInerney, M. F., Bronson, R., Wucherpfennig, K. W., Lipes, M. A. (2004). A Spontaneous Model for Autoimmune Myocarditis Using the Human MHC Molecule HLA-DQ8. J. Immunol. 172: 2651-2658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kishimoto, C., Hiraoka, Y., Takamatsu, N., Takada, H., Kamiya, H., Ochiai, H. (2003). An in vivo model of autoimmune post-coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in severe combined immunodeficiency mouse. Cardiovasc Res 60: 397-403 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Calabrese, F., Thiene, G. (2003). Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: microbiological and molecular biological aspects. Cardiovasc Res 60: 11-25 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maron, B. J. (2003). Sudden Death in Young Athletes. NEJM 349: 1064-1075 [Full Text]  
• Gojo, S., Kyo, S., Sato, H., Nishimura, M., Asakura, T., Ito, H., Koyama,, K. (2003). Successful LVAS and RVAS-ECMO support in a patient with fulminant myocarditis who failed to recover from ventricular fibrillation with PCPS and IABP. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 126: 885-886 [Full Text]  
• Godsel, L. M., Leon, J. S., Wang, K., Fornek, J. L., Molteni, A., Engman, D. M. (2003). Captopril Prevents Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. J. Immunol. 171: 346-352 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Halsell, J. S., Riddle, J. R., Atwood, J. E., Gardner, P., Shope, R., Poland, G. A., Gray, G. C., Ostroff, S., Eckart, R. E., Hospenthal, D. R., Gibson, R. L., Grabenstein, J. D., Arness, M. K., Tornberg, D. N. (2003). Myopericarditis Following Smallpox Vaccination Among Vaccinia-Naive US Military Personnel. JAMA 289: 3283-3289 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kuhl, U., Pauschinger, M., Schwimmbeck, P. L., Seeberg, B., Lober, C., Noutsias, M., Poller, W., Schultheiss, H.-P. (2003). Interferon-{beta} Treatment Eliminates Cardiotropic Viruses and Improves Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Myocardial Persistence of Viral Genomes and Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Circulation 107: 2793-2798 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kamblock, J., Payot, L., Iung, B., Costes, P., Gillet, T., Le Goanvic, C., Lionet, P., Pagis, B., Pasche, J., Roy, C., Vahanian, A., Papouin, G. (2003). Does rheumatic myocarditis really exists? Systematic study with echocardiography and cardiac troponin I blood levels. Eur Heart J 24: 855-862 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fairweather, D., Yusung, S., Frisancho, S., Barrett, M., Gatewood, S., Steele, R., Rose, N. R. (2003). IL-12 Receptor {beta}1 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Increase IL-1{beta}- and IL-18-Associated Myocarditis and Coxsackievirus Replication. J. Immunol. 170: 4731-4737 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Frustaci, A., Chimenti, C., Calabrese, F., Pieroni, M., Thiene, G., Maseri, A. (2003). Immunosuppressive Therapy for Active Lymphocytic Myocarditis: Virological and Immunologic Profile of Responders Versus Nonresponders. Circulation 107: 857-863 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Afanasyeva, M., Rose, N.R. (2002). Immune mediators in inflammatory heart disease: insights from a mouse model. Eur Heart J Suppl 4: I31-I36 [Abstract]  
• Felix, S.B., Staudt, A., Baumann, G. (2002). Immunoadsorption as a new therapeutic principle for treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Suppl 4: I63-I68 [Abstract]  
• Frustaci, A., Pieroni, M., Chimenti, C. (2002). Immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Suppl 4: I69-I72 [Abstract]  
• Kuhl, U., Pauschinger, M., Noutsias, M., Kapp, J.-F., Schultheiss, H.-P. (2002). Diagnosis and treatment of patients with virus induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Suppl 4: I73-I80 [Abstract]  
• Laissy, J.-P., Messin, B., Varenne, O., Iung, B., Karila-Cohen, D., Schouman-Claeys, E., Steg, P. G. (2002). MRI of Acute Myocarditis: A Comprehensive Approach Based on Various Imaging Sequences. Chest 122: 1638-1648 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hjalmarson, A., Fu, M., Mobini, R. (2002). Who are the enemies? Inflammation and autoimmune mechanisms. Eur Heart J Suppl 4: G27-G32 [Abstract]  
• Sato, M., Toyozaki, T., Odaka, K., Uehara, T., Arano, Y., Hasegawa, H., Yoshida, K., Imanaka-Yoshida, K., Yoshida, T., Hiroe, M., Tadokoro, H., Irie, T., Tanada, S., Komuro, I. (2002). Detection of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Rats by 111In Monoclonal Antibody Specific for Tenascin-C. Circulation 106: 1397-1402 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lim, B.-K., Choe, S.-C., Shin, J.-O., Ho, S.-H., Kim, J.-M., Yu, S.-S., Kim, S., Jeon, E.-S. (2002). Local Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist by Plasmid DNA Improves Mortality and Decreases Myocardial Inflammation in Experimental Coxsackieviral Myocarditis. Circulation 105: 1278-1281 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Felix, S. B., Staudt, A., Landsberger, M., Grosse, Y., Stangl, V., Spielhagen, T., Wallukat, G., Wernecke, K. D., Baumann, G., Stangl, K. (2002). Removal of cardiodepressant antibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy by immunoadsorption. J Am Coll Cardiol 39: 646-652 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wojnicz, R., Nowalany-Kozielska, E., Wojciechowska, C., Glanowska, G., Wilczewski, P., Niklewski, T., Zembala, M., Polonski, L., Rozek, M. M., Wodniecki, J. (2001). Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study for Immunosuppressive Treatment of Inflammatory Dilated Cardiomyopathy : Two-Year Follow-Up Results. Circulation 104: 39-45 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bergler-Klein, J., Stanek, G., Weissel, M., Lopes Rocha, J. L., Feldman, A. M., McNamara, D. M. (2001). Myocarditis. NEJM 344: 857-858 [Full Text]  
• Cappola, T. P., Felker, G. M., Kao, W.H. L., Hare, J. M., Baughman, K. L., Kasper, E. K. (2002). Pulmonary Hypertension and Risk of Death in Cardiomyopathy: Patients With Myocarditis Are at Higher Risk. Circulation 105: 1663-1668 [Abstract] [Full Text]