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Previous Volume 343:632-641 August 31, 2000 Number 9 Next

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

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Classic studies of the factors that limit exercise revealed that exercise capacity is reduced at high altitudes¹ and in persons with cardiopulmonary disorders.² Because animal muscle deprived of oxygen rapidly fatigues and produces lactic acid,³ these findings suggested that inadequate oxygen delivery limits exercise. Maximal oxygen consumption (_{O2 max}) became the primary measure of exercise capacity, and mechanisms related to the delivery of oxygen to the muscles were considered the main factors determining exercise capacity. These principles dominate the conventional interpretation of clinical exercise tests.^4,5

Physiology

Normal Exercise Performance

Exercise can be categorized as follows: short-term maximal exercise, such as sprinting or climbing stairs; . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Biochemistry of Exercise

Cardiovascular Responses to the Demands of Exercise

Respiratory Responses to the Demands of Exercise

Neurophysiology of Exercise and Fatigue

Sensory Aspects of Exercise

Neurophysiologic Aspects of Sensation during Exercise

Sensory Measurements during Exercise

Limitation of Exercise in Cardiovascular Disorders

Physiologic Limits to Exercise in Heart Disease

Symptoms during Exercise in Patients with Cardiac Disease

Limitation of Exercise in Respiratory Disorders

Physiologic Limits to Exercise in Respiratory Disorders

Symptoms during Exercise in Patients with Respiratory Disease

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Department of Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Jones at Rm. 3U26, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 3Z5, Canada, or at jonesn@fhs.mcmaster.ca.

References

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• Marcora, S. M., Bosio, A., de Morree, H. M. (2008). Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently from metabolic stress. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294: R874-R883 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
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• Hsia, C. C.W. (2001). Coordinated Adaptation of Oxygen Transport in Cardiopulmonary Disease. Circulation 104: 963-969 [Full Text]