Cytokine Pathways and Joint Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis

doi:10.1056/NEJM200103223441207

Volume 344:907-916		March 22, 2001		Number 12

Cytokine Pathways and Joint Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ernest H.S. Choy, M.D., and Gabriel S. Panayi, M.D., Sc.D.

Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

Full Text

PDF

Purchase this article

Add to Personal Archive

Add to Citation Manager

Notify a Friend

E-mail When Cited

PubMed Citation

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructivearthropathy that cannot be cured and that has substantial personal,social, and economic costs. The long-term prognosis is poor:80 percent of affected patients are disabled after 20 years,¹and life expectancy is reduced by an average of 3 to 18 years.²The medical cost of rheumatoid arthritis averages $5,919 percase per year in the United States³ and approximately £2,600per case per year in the United Kingdom.⁴ Current slow-actingantirheumatic drugs have limited efficacy and many side effects.Moreover, they do not improve the long-term prognosis of rheumatoidarthritis.¹

. . . [Full Text of this Article]

Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Cellular Mediators of Inflammation and Joint Damage

Soluble Mediators of Inflammation and Joint Damage

TNF- ${alpha}$

Interleukin-1

Interleukin-6

Antiinflammatory Cytokines

Interleukin-10

Interleukin-4

Joint Damage in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Summary

Inhibition of Cytokines

Neutralization of Cytokines

Receptor Antagonism

Activation of Antiinflammatory Pathways

Clinical Trials of Cytokine Inhibitors

Soluble Human Cytokine-Receptor Proteins

Etanercept

Monoclonal Antibodies against Cytokines

Infliximab

Other Antibodies against TNF- ${alpha}$

Cytokine-Receptor Blockers

Recombinant Interleukin-1–Receptor Antagonist

Antibody against Interleukin-6 Receptor

Recombinant Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-4

Conclusions

Source Information

From the Department of Rheumatology, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals School of Medicine, King's College, London.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Choy at the Department of Rheumatology, King's College Hospital, East Dulwich Grove, London SE22 8PT, United Kingdom.

References

This article has been cited by other articles:

Sacre, S. M., Lo, A., Gregory, B., Simmonds, R. E., Williams, L., Feldmann, M., Brennan, F. M., Foxwell, B. M. (2008). Inhibitors of TLR8 Reduce TNF Production from Human Rheumatoid Synovial Membrane Cultures. J. Immunol. 181: 8002-8009 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Moutsopoulos, N M, Katsifis, G E, Angelov, N, Leakan, R A, Sankar, V, Pillemer, S, Wahl, S M (2008). Lack of efficacy of etanercept in Sjogren syndrome correlates with failed suppression of tumour necrosis factor {alpha} and systemic immune activation. Ann Rheum Dis 67: 1437-1443 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Earp, J. C., DuBois, D. C., Molano, D. S., Pyszczynski, N. A., Keller, C. E., Almon, R. R., Jusko, W. J. (2008). Modeling Corticosteroid Effects in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis I: Mechanistic Disease Progression Model for the Time Course of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Lewis Rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 326: 532-545 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Genant, H K, Peterfy, C G, Westhovens, R, Becker, J-C, Aranda, R, Vratsanos, G, Teng, J, Kremer, J M (2008). Abatacept inhibits progression of structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the long-term extension of the AIM trial. Ann Rheum Dis 67: 1084-1089 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cutolo, M., Straub, R. H, Buttgereit, F. (2008). Circadian rhythms of nocturnal hormones in rheumatoid arthritis: translation from bench to bedside. Ann Rheum Dis 67: 905-908 [Full Text]
van Beem, R. T., Noort, W. A., Voermans, C., Kleijer, M., ten Brinke, A., van Ham, S. M., van der Schoot, C. E., Zwaginga, J. J. (2008). The Presence of Activated CD4+ T Cells Is Essential for the Formation of Colony-Forming Unit-Endothelial Cells by CD14+ Cells. J. Immunol. 180: 5141-5148 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Emery, P., McInnes, I. B., van Vollenhoven, R., Kraan, M. C. (2008). Clinical identification and treatment of a rapidly progressing disease state in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47: 392-398 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Okazaki, K., Kondo, M., Kato, M., Kakinuma, R., Nishida, A., Noda, M., Taniguchi, K., Kimura, H. (2008). Serum Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Neonates With Meconium Aspiration Syndrome. Pediatrics 121: e748-e753 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Zhang, M., Qian, J., Xing, X., Kong, F.-M., Zhao, L., Chen, M., Lawrence, T. S. (2008). Inhibition of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Pathway Is Radioprotective for the Lung. Clin. Cancer Res. 14: 1868-1876 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tsujimura, S, Saito, K, Nawata, M, Nakayamada, S, Tanaka, Y (2008). Overcoming drug resistance induced by P-glycoprotein on lymphocytes in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 67: 380-388 [Abstract] [Full Text]
van der Heijde, D, Burmester, G, Melo-Gomes, J, Codreanu, C, Mola, E M., Pedersen, R, Freundlich, B, Chang, D J, for the Etanercept Study 400 Investigators, (2008). The safety and efficacy of adding etanercept to methotrexate or methotrexate to etanercept in moderately active rheumatoid arthritis patients previously treated with monotherapy. Ann Rheum Dis 67: 182-188 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schade, A. E., Schieven, G. L., Townsend, R., Jankowska, A. M., Susulic, V., Zhang, R., Szpurka, H., Maciejewski, J. P. (2008). Dasatinib, a small-molecule protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits T-cell activation and proliferation. Blood 111: 1366-1377 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rousseau, S., Papoutsopoulou, M., Symons, A., Cook, D., Lucocq, J. M., Prescott, A. R., O'Garra, A., Ley, S. C., Cohen, P. (2008). TPL2-mediated activation of ERK1 and ERK2 regulates the processing of pre-TNF{alpha} in LPS-stimulated macrophages. J. Cell Sci. 121: 149-154 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ellsworth, J. L., Maurer, M., Harder, B., Hamacher, N., Lantry, M., Lewis, K. B., Rene, S., Byrnes-Blake, K., Underwood, S., Waggie, K. S., Visich, J., Lewis, K. E. (2008). Targeting Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity with Recombinant Soluble Human Fc{gamma}RIA (CD64A). J. Immunol. 180: 580-589 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kitamura, T., Kabuyama, Y., Kamataki, A., Homma, M. K., Kobayashi, H., Aota, S., Kikuchi, S.-i., Homma, Y. (2008). Enhancement of lymphocyte migration and cytokine production by ephrinB1 system in rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 294: C189-C196 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hall, J. P., Kurdi, Y., Hsu, S., Cuozzo, J., Liu, J., Telliez, J.-B., Seidl, K. J., Winkler, A., Hu, Y., Green, N., Askew, G. R., Tam, S., Clark, J. D., Lin, L.-L. (2007). Pharmacologic Inhibition of Tpl2 Blocks Inflammatory Responses in Primary Human Monocytes, Synoviocytes, and Blood. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 33295-33304 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Roman, M. J., Salmon, J. E. (2007). Cardiovascular Manifestations of Rheumatologic Diseases. Circulation 116: 2346-2355 [Full Text]
Roy, A., Mould, D. R., Wang, X.-F., Tay, L., Raymond, R., Pfister, M. (2007). Modeling and Simulation of Abatacept Exposure and Interleukin-6 Response in Support of Recommended Doses for Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Pharmacol 47: 1408-1420 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kievit, W, Fransen, J, Oerlemans, A J M, Kuper, H H, van der Laar, M A F J, de Rooij, D J R A M, De Gendt, C M A, Ronday, K H, Jansen, T L, van Oijen, P C M, Brus, H L M, Adang, E M, van Riel, P L C M (2007). The efficacy of anti-TNF in rheumatoid arthritis, a comparison between randomised controlled trials and clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 1473-1478 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Biswal, S., Resnick, D. L., Hoffman, J. M., Gambhir, S. S. (2007). Molecular Imaging: Integration of Molecular Imaging into the Musculoskeletal Imaging Practice. Radiology 244: 651-671 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bruce, S. P, Boyce, E. G (2007). Update on Abatacept: A Selective Costimulation Modulator for Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41: 1153-1162 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Del Porto, F., Lagana, B., Lai, S., Nofroni, I., Tinti, F., Vitale, M., Podesta, E., Mitterhofer, A. P., D'Amelio, R. (2007). Response to anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade is associated with reduction of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46: 1111-1115 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Buch, M. H., Bingham, S. J., Bryer, D., Emery, P. (2007). Long-term infliximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: subsequent outcome of initial responders. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46: 1153-1156 [Abstract] [Full Text]
de Jager, W., Hoppenreijs, E. P A H, Wulffraat, N. M, Wedderburn, L. R, Kuis, W., Prakken, B. J (2007). Blood and synovial fluid cytokine signatures in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Ann Rheum Dis 66: 589-598 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Huynh, O. A., Hampartzoumian, T., Arm, J. P., Hunt, J., Borges, L., Ahern, M., Smith, M., Geczy, C. L., McNeil, H. P., Tedla, N. (2007). Down-regulation of leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor expression in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients after treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46: 742-751 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kuek, A., Hazleman, B. L, Ostor, A. J K (2007). Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) and biologic therapy: a medical revolution. Postgrad. Med. J. 83: 251-260 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Heffernan, M. P., Anadkat, M. J., Smith, D. I. (2007). Adalimumab Treatment for Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Arch Dermatol 143: 306-308 [Full Text]
Kimura, M., Kawahito, Y., Obayashi, H., Ohta, M., Hara, H., Adachi, T., Tokunaga, D., Hojo, T., Hamaguchi, M., Omoto, A., Ishino, H., Wada, M., Kohno, M., Tsubouchi, Y., Yoshikawa, T. (2007). A Critical Role for Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Immunol. 178: 3316-3322 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Duan, R., Remeijer, L., van Dun, J. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Verjans, G. M. G. M. (2007). Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Expression in Human Herpetic Stromal Keratitis: Implications for the Role of Neutrophils in HSK. IOVS 48: 277-284 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tsujimura, S., Saito, K., Kohno, K., Tanaka, Y. (2006). Fragmented Hyaluronan Induces Transcriptional Up-regulation of the Multidrug Resistance-1 Gene in CD4+ T Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 38089-38097 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Arita, M., Oh, S. F., Chonan, T., Hong, S., Elangovan, S., Sun, Y.-P., Uddin, J., Petasis, N. A., Serhan, C. N. (2006). Metabolic Inactivation of Resolvin E1 and Stabilization of Its Anti-inflammatory Actions. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 22847-22854 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lerner, U.H. (2006). Inflammation-induced Bone Remodeling in Periodontal Disease and the Influence of Post-menopausal Osteoporosis.. J. Dent. Res. 85: 596-607 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Zhou, R., Tang, W., Ren, Y.-X., He, P.-L., Zhang, F., Shi, L.-P., Fu, Y.-F., Li, Y.-C., Ono, S., Fujiwara, H., Yang, Y.-F., Zuo, J.-P. (2006). (5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide Attenuated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in DBA/1 Mice via Suppressing Interferon-{gamma} Production and Its Related Signaling. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318: 35-44 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Westra, J, Bijzet, J, Doornbos-van der Meer, B, van Rijswijk, M H, Limburg, P C (2006). Differential influence of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition on acute phase protein synthesis in human hepatoma cell lines. Ann Rheum Dis 65: 929-935 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kremer, J. M., Genant, H. K., Moreland, L. W., Russell, A. S., Emery, P., Abud-Mendoza, C., Szechinski, J., Li, T., Ge, Z., Becker, J.-C., Westhovens, R. (2006). Effects of Abatacept in Patients with Methotrexate-Resistant Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Trial.. ANN INTERN MED 144: 865-876 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mbalaviele, G., Anderson, G., Jones, A., De Ciechi, P., Settle, S., Mnich, S., Thiede, M., Abu-Amer, Y., Portanova, J., Monahan, J. (2006). Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Prevents Inflammatory Bone Destruction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 317: 1044-1053 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Weinblatt, M E, Keystone, E C, Furst, D E, Kavanaugh, A F, Chartash, E K, Segurado, O G (2006). Long term efficacy and safety of adalimumab plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: ARMADA 4 year extended study. Ann Rheum Dis 65: 753-759 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jang, C.-H., Choi, J.-H., Byun, M.-S., Jue, D.-M. (2006). Chloroquine inhibits production of TNF-{alpha}, IL-1{beta} and IL-6 from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes/macrophages by different modes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45: 703-710 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bongartz, T., Sutton, A. J., Sweeting, M. J., Buchan, I., Matteson, E. L., Montori, V. (2006). Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials.. JAMA 295: 2275-2285 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Scatizzi, J. C., Hutcheson, J., Bickel, E., Woods, J. M., Klosowska, K., Moore, T. L., Haines, G. K. III, Perlman, H. (2006). p21Cip1 Is Required for the Development of Monocytes and Their Response to Serum Transfer-induced Arthritis. Am. J. Pathol. 168: 1531-1541 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Chen, H., Wilkins, L. M., Aziz, N., Cannings, C., Wyllie, D. H., Bingle, C., Rogus, J., Beck, J. D., Offenbacher, S., Cork, M. J., Rafie-Kolpin, M., Hsieh, C.-M., Kornman, K. S., Duff, G. W. (2006). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human interleukin-1B gene affect transcription according to haplotype context. Hum Mol Genet 15: 519-529 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Matsuzaki, T., Nakajima, A., Ishigami, S., Tanno, M., Yoshino, S. (2006). Mirthful laughter differentially affects serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels depending on the level of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45: 182-186 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kuuliala, A, Nissinen, R, Kautiainen, H, Repo, H, Leirisalo-Repo, M (2006). Low circulating soluble interleukin 2 receptor level predicts rapid response in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab. Ann Rheum Dis 65: 26-29 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Summers, K. M, Kockler, D. R (2005). Rituximab Treatment of Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39: 2091-2095 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mukherjee, P, Yang, S-Y, Wu, B, Song, Z, Myers, L K, Robbins, P D, Wooley, P H (2005). Tumour necrosis factor receptor gene therapy affects cellular immune responses in collagen induced arthritis in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 64: 1550-1556 [Abstract] [Full Text]
British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committ, (2005). BTS recommendations for assessing risk and for managing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in patients due to start anti-TNF-{alpha} treatment. Thorax 60: 800-805 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Edwards, C. J. (2005). Immunological therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med Bull 73-74: 71-82 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Genovese, M. C., Becker, J.-C., Schiff, M., Luggen, M., Sherrer, Y., Kremer, J., Birbara, C., Box, J., Natarajan, K., Nuamah, I., Li, T., Aranda, R., Hagerty, D. T., Dougados, M. (2005). Abatacept for Rheumatoid Arthritis Refractory to Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} Inhibition. NEJM 353: 1114-1123 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Madhusudan, S., Muthuramalingam, S. R., Braybrooke, J. P., Wilner, S., Kaur, K., Han, C., Hoare, S., Balkwill, F., Ganesan, T. S. (2005). Study of Etanercept, a Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor, in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer. JCO 23: 5950-5959 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Miller, G. E., Rohleder, N., Stetler, C., Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Clinical Depression and Regulation of the Inflammatory Response During Acute Stress. Psychosom. Med. 67: 679-687 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ralph, J. A., McEvoy, A. N., Kane, D., Bresnihan, B., FitzGerald, O., Murphy, E. P. (2005). Modulation of Orphan Nuclear Receptor NURR1 Expression by Methotrexate in Human Inflammatory Joint Disease Involves Adenosine A2A Receptor-Mediated Responses. J. Immunol. 175: 555-565 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Doan, T., Massarotti, E. (2005). Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview of New and Emerging Therapies. J Clin Pharmacol 45: 751-762 [Abstract] [Full Text]
van Roon, J A G, Bijlsma, J W J, van de Winkel, J G J, Lafeber, F P J G (2005). Depletion of synovial macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis by an anti-Fc{gamma}RI-calicheamicin immunoconjugate. Ann Rheum Dis 64: 865-870 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schett, G., Herak, P., Graninger, W., Smolen, J. S., Aringer, M. (2005). Listeria-Associated Arthritis in a Patient Undergoing Etanercept Therapy: Case Report and Review of the Literature. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 2537-2541 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Flendrie, M., Creemers, M. C. W., Welsing, P. M. J., van Riel, P. L. C. M. (2005). The influence of previous and concomitant leflunomide on the efficacy and safety of infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; a longitudinal observational study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 44: 472-478 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Judex, M. O., Mueller, B. M. (2005). Plasminogen Activation/Plasmin in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Matrix Degradation and More. Am. J. Pathol. 166: 645-647 [Abstract] [Full Text]
van Bilsen, J. H. M., van Dongen, H., Lard, L. R., van der Voort, E. I. H., Elferink, D. G., Bakker, A. M., Miltenburg, A. M. M., Huizinga, T. W. J., de Vries, R. R. P., Toes, R. E. M. (2004). Functional regulatory immune responses against human cartilage glycoprotein-39 in health vs. proinflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 17180-17185 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Grisar, J, Aringer, M, Koller, M D, Stummvoll, G H, Eselbock, D, Zwolfer, B, Steiner, C W, Zierhut, B, Wagner, L, Pietschmann, P, Smolen, J S (2004). Leflunomide inhibits transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ann Rheum Dis 63: 1632-1637 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nardelli, D. T., Burchill, M. A., England, D. M., Torrealba, J., Callister, S. M., Schell, R. F. (2004). Association of CD4+ CD25+ T Cells with Prevention of Severe Destructive Arthritis in Borrelia burgdorferi-Vaccinated and Challenged Gamma Interferon-Deficient Mice Treated with Anti-Interleukin-17 Antibody. CVI 11: 1075-1084 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Giles, J. T., Bathon, J. M. (2004). Serious Infections Associated with Anticytokine Therapies in the Rheumatic Diseases. J Intensive Care Med 19: 320-334 [Abstract]
Ferrari-Lacraz, S., Zanelli, E., Neuberg, M., Donskoy, E., Kim, Y. S., Zheng, X. X., Hancock, W. W., Maslinski, W., Li, X. C., Strom, T. B., Moll, T. (2004). Targeting IL-15 Receptor-Bearing Cells with an Antagonist Mutant IL-15/Fc Protein Prevents Disease Development and Progression in Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J. Immunol. 173: 5818-5826 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ormerod, L P (2004). Tuberculosis and anti-TNF-{alpha} treatment. Thorax 59: 921-921 [Full Text]
Zhou, H., Parks, V., Patat, A., Le Coz, F., Simcoe, D., Korth-Bradley, J. (2004). Absence of a Clinically Relevant Interaction Between Etanercept and Digoxin. J Clin Pharmacol 44: 1244-1251 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rall, L. C., Roubenoff, R. (2004). Rheumatoid cachexia: metabolic abnormalities, mechanisms and interventions. Rheumatology (Oxford) 43: 1219-1223 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Shan, Z.-Z., Masuko-Hongo, K., Dai, S.-M., Nakamura, H., Kato, T., Nishioka, K. (2004). A Potential Role of 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-prostaglandin J2 for Induction of Human Articular Chondrocyte Apoptosis in Arthritis. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 37939-37950 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bernier, S. G., Lazarus, D. D., Clark, E., Doyle, B., Labenski, M. T., Thompson, C. D., Westlin, W. F., Hannig, G. (2004). A methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibitor, PPI-2458, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 10768-10773 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Maffia, P., Brewer, J. M., Gracie, J. A., Ianaro, A., Leung, B. P., Mitchell, P. J., Smith, K. M., McInnes, I. B., Garside, P. (2004). Inducing Experimental Arthritis and Breaking Self-Tolerance to Joint-Specific Antigens with Trackable, Ovalbumin-Specific T Cells. J. Immunol. 173: 151-156 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Edwards, J. C.W., Szczepanski, L., Szechinski, J., Filipowicz-Sosnowska, A., Emery, P., Close, D. R., Stevens, R. M., Shaw, T. (2004). Efficacy of B-Cell-Targeted Therapy with Rituximab in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. NEJM 350: 2572-2581 [Abstract] [Full Text]
O'Dell, J. R. (2004). Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis. NEJM 350: 2591-2602 [Full Text]
Joronen, K, Ala-aho, R, Majuri, M-L, Alenius, H, Kahari, V-M, Vuorio, E (2004). Adenovirus mediated intra-articular expression of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) induces inflammatory arthritis in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 63: 656-664 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nissinen, R, Leirisalo-Repo, M, Peltomaa, R, Palosuo, T, Vaarala, O (2004). Cytokine and chemokine receptor profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells during treatment with infliximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 63: 681-687 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Olsen, N. J., Stein, C. M. (2004). New Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis. NEJM 350: 2167-2179 [Full Text]
Yoneda, T., Ishimaru, N., Arakaki, R., Kobayashi, M., Izawa, T., Moriyama, K., Hayashi, Y. (2004). Estrogen Deficiency Accelerates Murine Autoimmune Arthritis Associated with Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Ligand-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis. Endocrinology 145: 2384-2391 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kraan, M C, Haringman, J J, Weedon, H, Barg, E C, Smith, M D, Ahern, M J, Smeets, T J M, Breedveld, F C, Tak, P P (2004). T cells, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and granzyme B+ cytotoxic cells are associated with joint damage in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 63: 483-488 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Levin, J., Hegen, M., Li, G., Robertshaw, H., Brennan, F., Cummons, T., Clarke, D., Vansell, N., Nickerson-Nutter, C., Barone, D., Mohler, K., Black, R., Skotnicki, J., Gibbons, J., Feldmann, M., Frost, P., Larsen, G., Lin, L.-L. (2004). . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309: 348-355 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Verea, M. M, Del Pozo, J., Yebra-Pimentel, M T., Porta, A., Fonseca, E. (2004). Psoriasiform Eruption Induced by Infliximab. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 38: 54-57 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hanyuda, M., Kasama, T., Isozaki, T., Matsunawa, M. M., Yajima, N., Miyaoka, H., Uchida, H., Kameoka, Y., Ide, H., Adachi, M. (2003). Activated leucocytes express and secrete macrophage inflammatory protein-1{alpha} upon interaction with synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis via a {beta}2-integrin/ICAM-1 mechanism. Rheumatology (Oxford) 42: 1390-1397 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Spears, R., Oakes, R., Moore, C., Bellinger, L.L., Hutchins, B. (2003). A Determination of Tumor Necrosis Factor Expression in TMJ Inflammation with the Use of Microarray Analysis. J. Dent. Res. 82: 807-813 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Murata, K., Inami, M., Hasegawa, A., Kubo, S., Kimura, M., Yamashita, M., Hosokawa, H., Nagao, T., Suzuki, K., Hashimoto, K., Shinkai, H., Koseki, H., Taniguchi, M., Ziegler, S. F., Nakayama, T. (2003). CD69-null mice protected from arthritis induced with anti-type II collagen antibodies. Int Immunol 15: 987-992 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Stabile, E., Burnett, M. S., Watkins, C., Kinnaird, T., Bachis, A., la Sala, A., Miller, J. M., Shou, M., Epstein, S. E., Fuchs, S. (2003). Impaired Arteriogenic Response to Acute Hindlimb Ischemia in CD4-Knockout Mice. Circulation 108: 205-210 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ahmed, S., Rahman, A., Hasnain, A., Goldberg, V. M., Haqqi, T. M. (2003). Phenyl N-tert-Butylnitrone Down-Regulates Interleukin-1{beta}-Stimulated Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Gene Expression in Human Chondrocytes: Suppression of c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase, p38-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Activating Protein-1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305: 981-988 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Padyukov, L, Lampa, J, Heimburger, M, Ernestam, S, Cederholm, T, Lundkvist, I, Andersson, P, Hermansson, Y, Harju, A, Klareskog, L, Bratt, J (2003). Genetic markers for the efficacy of tumour necrosis factor blocking therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 62: 526-529 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kagari, T., Tanaka, D., Doi, H., Shimozato, T. (2003). Essential Role of Fc{gamma} Receptors in Anti-Type II Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis. J. Immunol. 170: 4318-4324 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schmaltz, C., Alpdogan, O., Muriglan, S. J., Kappel, B. J., Rotolo, J. A., Ricchetti, E. T., Greenberg, A. S., Willis, L. M., Murphy, G. F., Crawford, J. M., van den Brink, M. R. M. (2003). Donor T cell-derived TNF is required for graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-tumor activity after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 101: 2440-2445 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gottlieb, A B (2003). Clinical research helps elucidate the role of tumor necrosis factor-{alpha}in the pathogenesis of T1-mediated immune disorders: use of targeted immunotherapeutics as pathogenic probes. Lupus 12: 190-194 [Abstract]
Cerhan, J. R., Saag, K. G., Merlino, L. A., Mikuls, T. R., Criswell, L. A. (2003). Antioxidant Micronutrients and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Cohort of Older Women. Am J Epidemiol 157: 345-354 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gause, A. (2003). Progress in the treatment of rheumatic disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 13-16 [Full Text]
Christopherson, J. A., Munson, E. L., England, D. M., Croke, C. L., Remington, M. C., Molitor, M. L., DeCoster, D. J., Callister, S. M., Schell, R. F. (2003). Destructive Arthritis in Vaccinated Interferon Gamma-Deficient Mice Challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi: Modulation by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. CVI 10: 44-52 [Abstract] [Full Text]
DiPetrillo, K., Coutermarsh, B., Gesek, F. A. (2003). Urinary tumor necrosis factor contributes to sodium retention and renal hypertrophy during diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 284: F113-F121 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Grant, E. P., Picarella, D., Burwell, T., Delaney, T., Croci, A., Avitahl, N., Humbles, A. A., Gutierrez-Ramos, J.-C., Briskin, M., Gerard, C., Coyle, A. J. (2002). Essential Role for the C5a Receptor in Regulating the Effector Phase of Synovial Infiltration and Joint Destruction in Experimental Arthritis. JEM 196: 1461-1471 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sewell, K. L., Geary, R. S., Baker, B. F., Glover, J. M., Mant, T. G. K., Yu, R. Z., Tami, J. A., Dorr, F. A. (2002). Phase I Trial of ISIS 104838, a 2'-Methoxyethyl Modified Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303: 1334-1343 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gerli, R., Lunardi, C., Pitzalis, C. (2002). Unmasking the anti-inflammatory cytokine response in rheumatoid synovitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41: 1341-1345 [Full Text]
Rau, R (2002). Adalimumab (a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor {alpha} monoclonal antibody) in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: the initial results of five trials. Ann Rheum Dis 61: ii70-73 [Full Text]
Temekonidis, T I, Georgiadis, A N, Alamanos, Y, Bougias, D V, Voulgari, P V, Drosos, A A (2002). Infliximab treatment in combination with cyclosporin A in patients with severe refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 61: 822-825 [Abstract] [Full Text]

Comments and questions? Please contact us.