FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 346:982-987 March 28, 2002 Number 13 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background The scope of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was unprecedented in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan five to eight weeks after the attacks.

Methods We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living south of 110th Street in Manhattan. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11, and psychological symptoms after the attacks.

Results Among 1008 adults interviewed, 7.5 percent reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD related to the attacks, and 9.7 percent reported symptoms consistent with current depression (with "current" defined as occurring within the previous 30 days). Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0 percent. Predictors of PTSD in a multivariate model were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack during or shortly after the events, residence south of Canal Street, and loss of possessions due to the events. Predictors of depression were Hispanic ethnicity, two or more prior stressors, a panic attack, a low level of social support, the death of a friend or relative during the attacks, and loss of a job due to the attacks.

Conclusions There was a substantial burden of acute PTSD and depression in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks. Experiences involving exposure to the attacks were predictors of current PTSD, and losses as a result of the events were predictors of current depression. In the aftermath of terrorist attacks, there may be substantial psychological morbidity in the population.

Source Information

From the Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, New York (S.G., J.A., J.G., D.V.); the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (S.G., D.V.); the National Crime Victims' Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (H.R., D.K.); Schulman, Ronca, and Bucuvalas, New York (M.B.); and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York (J.G.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Galea at the Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, Rm. 556, New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10029-5283, or at sgalea{at}nyam.org.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Psychological Sequelae of September 11
Hoge C. W., Pavlin J. A., Milliken C. S., Langer G., Galea S., Resnick H., Vlahov D.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2002; 347:443-445, Aug 8, 2002. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Padela, A. I., Heisler, M. (2010). The Association of Perceived Abuse and Discrimination After September 11, 2001, With Psychological Distress, Level of Happiness, and Health Status Among Arab Americans. AJPH 100: 284-291 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wells, T. S., LeardMann, C. A., Fortuna, S. O., Smith, B., Smith, T. C., Ryan, M. A. K., Boyko, E. J., Blazer, D., for the Millennium Cohort Study Team, (2010). A Prospective Study of Depression Following Combat Deployment in Support of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. AJPH 100: 90-99 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beiser, M. (2009). Resettling Refugees and Safeguarding their Mental Health: Lessons Learned from the Canadian Refugee Resettlement Project. Transcultural Psychiatry 46: 539-583 [Abstract]  
• Corrigan, M., McWilliams, R., Kelly, K. J., Niles, J., Cammarata, C., Jones, K., Wartenberg, D., Hallman, W. K., Kipen, H. M., Glass, L., Schorr, J. K., Feirstein, I., Prezant, D. J. (2009). A Computerized, Self-Administered Questionnaire to Evaluate Posttraumatic Stress Among Firefighters After the World Trade Center Collapse. AJPH 99: S702-S709 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abu-Ras, W. M., Suarez, Z. E. (2009). Muslim Men and Women's Perception of Discrimination, Hate Crimes, and PTSD Symptoms Post 9/11. Traumatology 15: 48-63 [Abstract]  
• Lev-Wiesel, R., Goldblatt, H., Eisikovits, Z., Admi, H. (2009). Growth in the Shadow of War: The Case of Social Workers and Nurses Working in a Shared War Reality. Br J Soc Work 39: 1154-1174 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Henslee, A. M., Schumacher, J. A., Holloman, G., Coffey, S. F. (2009). Unresolved PTSD in a Hispanic Woman Presenting With Test Anxiety. Clinical Case Studies 8: 340-350 [Abstract]  
• Grabe, H. J., Spitzer, C., Schwahn, C., Marcinek, A., Frahnow, A., Barnow, S., Lucht, M., Freyberger, H. J., John, U., Wallaschofski, H., Volzke, H., Rosskopf, D. (2009). Serotonin Transporter Gene (SLC6A4) Promoter Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the General Population. Am. J. Psychiatry 166: 926-933 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Breslau, N. (2009). The Epidemiology of Trauma, PTSD, and Other Posttrauma Disorders. Trauma Violence Abuse 10: 198-210 [Abstract]  
• Canetti-Nisim, D., Halperin, E., Sharvit, K., Hobfoll, S. E. (2009). A New Stress-Based Model of Political Extremism: Personal Exposure to Terrorism, Psychological Distress, and Exclusionist Political Attitudes. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53: 363-389 [Abstract]  
• Cohan, C. L., Cole, S. W., Schoen, R. (2009). Divorce following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26: 512-530 [Abstract]  
• Nomura, Y., Chemtob, C. M. (2009). Effect of Maternal Psychopathology on Behavioral Problems in Preschool Children Exposed to Terrorism: Use of Generalized Estimating Equations to Integrate Multiple Informant Reports. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163: 531-539 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pandya, A. (2009). Adult Disaster Psychiatry. Focus 7: 155-159 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2009). Bibliography for PTSD and Disaster Psychiatry. Focus 7: 214-216 [Full Text]  
• Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P.R., Jong, J. T.V.M d., Layne, C. M., Maguen, S., Neria, Y., Norwood, A. E., Pynoos, R. S., Reissman, D., Ruzek, J. I., Shalev, A. Y., Solomon, Z., Steinberg, A. M., Ursano, R. J. (2009). Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence. Focus 7: 221-242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner, J. D., Foa, E. B., Mayberg, H. S., North, C. S., Stein, M. B. (2009). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-Science Review. Focus 7: 254-273 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Koenen, K. C., Aiello, A. E., Bakshis, E., Amstadter, A. B., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Kilpatrick, D. G., Gelernter, J., Galea, S. (2009). Modification of the Association Between Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults by County-Level Social Environment. Am J Epidemiol 169: 704-711 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• North, C. S., Suris, A. M., Davis, M., Smith, R. P. (2009). Toward Validation of the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 166: 34-41 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bhavsar, V., Bhugra, D. (2008). Globalization: Mental Health and Social Economic Factors. Global Social Policy 8: 378-396 [Abstract]  
• Obilom, R. E., Thacher, T. D. (2008). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Ethnoreligious Conflict in Jos, Nigeria. J Interpers Violence 23: 1108-1119 [Abstract]  
• DiMaggio, C., Galea, S., Abramson, D. (2008). Analyzing Postdisaster Surveillance Data: The Effect of the Statistical Method. dmphp 2: 119-126 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lewis, M. W., Cavanagh, P. K., Ahn, G., Yoshioka, M. R. (2008). Subjective Effect of September 11, 2001 Among Pregnant Women: Is Cumulative History of Interpersonal Violence Important?. J Interpers Violence 23: 780-797 [Abstract]  
• Riviere, S, Schwoebel, V, Lapierre-Duval, K, Guinard, A, Gardette, V, Lang, T., for the Scientific and Operational Committees, (2008). Predictors of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after the AZF chemical factory explosion on 21 September 2001, in Toulouse, France. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 62: 455-460 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sever, I., Somer, E., Ruvio, A., Soref, E. (2008). Gender, Distress, and Coping in Response to Terrorism. Affilia 23: 156-166 [Abstract]  
• Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Schultz, L. R. (2008). A Second Look at Prior Trauma and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Effects of Subsequent Trauma: A Prospective Epidemiological Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 431-437 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Borell, K. (2008). Terrorism and Everyday Life in Beirut 2005: Mental Reconstructions, Precautions and Normalization. Acta Sociologica 51: 55-70 [Abstract]  
• Fischer, P., Ai, A. L. (2008). International Terrorism and Mental Health: Recent Research and Future Directions. J Interpers Violence 23: 339-361 [Abstract]  
• Canetti-Nisim, D., Ariely, G., Halperin, E. (2008). Life, Pocketbook, or Culture: The Role of Perceived Security Threats in Promoting Exclusionist Political Attitudes toward Minorities in Israel. Political Research Quarterly 61: 90-103 [Abstract]  
• Holman, E. A., Silver, R. C., Poulin, M., Andersen, J., Gil-Rivas, V., McIntosh, D. N. (2008). Terrorism, Acute Stress, and Cardiovascular Health: A 3-Year National Study Following the September 11th Attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 73-80 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hasin, D. S., Keyes, K. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Aharonovich, E. A., Alderson, D. (2007). Alcohol Consumption and Posttraumatic Stress After Exposure to Terrorism: Effects of Proximity, Loss, and Psychiatric History. AJPH 97: 2268-2275 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Soeteman, R. J. H., Yzermans, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Donker, G. A., ten Veen, P. M. H., van den Bosch, W. J. H. M., van der Zee, J. (2007). Health Problems Presented to Family Practices in The Netherlands 1 Year Before and 1 Year After a Disaster. J Am Board Fam Med 20: 548-556 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kilpatrick, D. G., Koenen, K. C., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Galea, S., Resnick, H. S., Roitzsch, J., Boyle, J., Gelernter, J. (2007). The Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Social Support and Moderation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Hurricane-Exposed Adults. Am. J. Psychiatry 164: 1693-1699 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eskenazi, B., Marks, A. R., Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., Toniolo, P. G. (2007). Low birthweight in New York city and upstate New York following the events of September 11th. Hum Reprod 22: 3013-3020 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schiff, M., Zweig, H. H., Benbenishty, R., Hasin, D. S. (2007). Exposure to Terrorism and Israeli Youths' Cigarette, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use. AJPH 97: 1852-1858 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wakefield, J. C., Schmitz, M. F., First, M. B., Horwitz, A. V. (2007). Extending the Bereavement Exclusion for Major Depression to Other Losses: Evidence From the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 433-440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• O'Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., Elliott, P., Bryant, R. (2007). Tonic and Phasic Heart Rate as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychosom. Med. 69: 256-261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Acierno, R., Ruggiero, K. J., Galea, S., Resnick, H. S., Koenen, K., Roitzsch, J., de Arellano, M., Boyle, J., Kilpatrick, D. G. (2007). Psychological Sequelae Resulting From the 2004 Florida Hurricanes: Implications for Postdisaster Intervention. AJPH 97: S103-S108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lang, T., Schwoebel, V., Diene, E., Bauvin, E., Garrigue, E., Lapierre-Duval, K., Guinard, A., Cassadou, S., for the Scientific and Operational Committees, (2007). Assessing post-disaster consequences for health at the population level: experience from the AZF factory explosion in Toulouse. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 61: 103-107 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• WHALLEY, M. G., BREWIN, C. R. (2007). Mental health following terrorist attacks. Br. J. Psychiatry 190: 94-96 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Druss, B. G., Henderson, K. L., Rosenheck, R. A. (2007). Swept Away: Use of General Medical and Mental Health Services Among Veterans Displaced By Hurricane Katrina. Am. J. Psychiatry 164: 154-156 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Feldner, M. T., Monson, C. M., Friedman, M. J. (2007). A Critical Analysis of Approaches to Targeted PTSD Prevention: Current Status and Theoretically Derived Future Directions. Behav Modif 31: 80-116 [Abstract]  
• DiMaggio, C., Galea, S., Madrid, P. (2006). SSRI Prescription Rates After a Terrorist Attack. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1656-1657 [Full Text]  
• Covell, N. H., Donahue, S. A., Allen, G., Foster, M. J., Felton, C. J., Essock, S. M. (2006). Use of Project Liberty Counseling Services Over Time by Individuals in Various Risk Categories. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1268-1270 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jackson, C. T., Allen, G., Essock, S. M., Foster, M. J., Lanzara, C. B., Felton, C. J., Donahue, S. A. (2006). Clusters of Event Reactions Among Recipients of Project Liberty Mental Health Counseling. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1271-1276 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jackson, C. T., Covell, N. H., Shear, K. M., Zhu, C., Donahue, S. A., Essock, S. M., Felton, C. J. (2006). The Road Back: Predictors of Regaining Preattack Functioning Among Project Liberty Clients. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1283-1290 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shear, K. M., Jackson, C. T., Essock, S. M., Donahue, S. A., Felton, C. J. (2006). Screening for Complicated Grief Among Project Liberty Service Recipients 18 Months After September 11, 2001. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1291-1297 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Donahue, S. A., Jackson, C. T., Shear, K. M., Felton, C. J., Essock, S. M. (2006). Outcomes of Enhanced Counseling Services Provided to Adults Through Project Liberty. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1298-1303 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gomes, C., McGuire, T. G., Foster, M. J., Donahue, S. A., Felton, C. J., Essock, S. M. (2006). Did Project Liberty Displace Community-Based Medicaid Services in New York?. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1309-1312 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Covell, N. H., Essock, S. M., Felton, C. J., Donahue, S. A. (2006). Characteristics of Project Liberty Clients That Predicted Referrals to Intensive Mental Health Services. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1313-1315 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jackson, C. T., Allen, G., Essock, S. M., Felton, C. J., Donahue, S. A. (2006). Clients' Satisfaction With Project Liberty Counseling Services. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1316-1319 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Covell, N. H., Donahue, S. A., Ulaszek, W. R., Dunakin, L., Essock, S. M., Felton, C. J. (2006). Effectiveness of Two Methods of Obtaining Feedback on Mental Health Services Provided to Anonymous Recipients. Psychiatr. Serv. 57: 1324-1327 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ahern, J., Galea, S. (2006). Social context and depression after a disaster: the role of income inequality.. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 60: 766-770 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Violanti, J. M., Castellano, C., O'Rourke, J., Paton, D. (2006). Proximity to the 9/11 Terrorist Attack and Suicide Ideation in Police Officers. Traumatology 12: 248-254 [Abstract]  
• Levav, I., Novikov, I., Grinshpoon, A., Rosenblum, J., Ponizovsky, A. (2006). Health Services Utilization in Jerusalem Under Terrorism. Am. J. Psychiatry 163: 1355-1361 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ai, A. L., Evans-Campbell, T., Santangelo, L. K., Cascio, T. (2006). The Traumatic Impact of the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks and the Potential Protection of Optimism. J Interpers Violence 21: 689-700 [Abstract]  
• Wu, P., Duarte, C. S., Mandell, D. J., Fan, B., Liu, X., Fuller, C. J., Musa, G., Cohen, M., Cohen, P., Hoven, C. W. (2006). Exposure to the World Trade Center Attack and the Use of Cigarettes and Alcohol Among New York City Public High-School Students. AJPH 96: 804-807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shalev, A. Y., Tuval, R., Frenkiel-Fishman, S., Hadar, H., Eth, S. (2006). Psychological Responses to Continuous Terror: A Study of Two Communities in Israel. Am. J. Psychiatry 163: 667-673 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fraley, R. C., Fazzari, D. A., Bonanno, G. A., Dekel, S. (2006). Attachment and Psychological Adaptation in High Exposure Survivors of the September 11th Attack on the World Trade Center. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 32: 538-551 [Abstract]  
• Des Jarlais, D. C., Galea, S., Tracy, M., Tross, S., Vlahov, D. (2006). Stigmatization of Newly Emerging Infectious Diseases: AIDS and SARS. AJPH 96: 561-567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grieger, T. A., Waldrep, D. A., Lovasz, M. M., Ursano, R. J. (2005). Follow-Up of Pentagon Employees Two Years After the Terrorist Attack of September 11, 2001. Psychiatr. Serv. 56: 1374-1378 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Detsky, M. E., Sivilotti, M. L. A., Kopp, A., Austin, P. C., Juurlink, D. N. (2005). Deliberate Self-Poisoning in Ontario Following the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. JAMA 294: 1900-1901 [Full Text]  
• Vlahov, D., Galea, S. (2005). Invited Commentary: Considering Bias in the Assessment of Respiratory Symptoms among Residents of Lower Manhattan following the Events of September 11, 2001. Am J Epidemiol 162: 508-510 [Full Text]  
• Knudsen, H. K., Roman, P. M., Johnson, J. A., Ducharme, L. J. (2005). A Changed America? The Effects of September 11th on Depressive Symptoms and Alcohol Consumption. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46: 260-273 [Abstract]  
• Hagan, J. F. Jr, and the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child, , and the Task Force on Terrorism, (2005). Psychosocial Implications of Disaster or Terrorism on Children: A Guide for the Pediatrician. Pediatrics 116: 787-795 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Galea, S., Nandi, A., Vlahov, D. (2005). The Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Disasters. Epidemiol Rev 27: 78-91 [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez-Carballeira, A., Javaloy, F. (2005). Psychosocial Analysis of the Collective Processes in the United States After September 11. Conflict Management and Peace Science 22: 201-216 [Abstract]  
• Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S. (2005). PTSD Following Terrorist Attacks: A Prospective Evaluation. Am. J. Psychiatry 162: 1188-1191 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ai, A. L., Cascio, T., Santangelo, L. K., Evans-Campbell, T. (2005). Hope, Meaning, and Growth Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks. J Interpers Violence 20: 523-548 [Abstract]  
• Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, R. D., Cohen, M., Balaban, V., Woodruff, B. A., Bin, F., Musa, G. J., Mei, L., Cantor, P. A., Aber, J. L., Cohen, P., Susser, E. (2005). Psychopathology Among New York City Public School Children 6 Months After September 11. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 545-551 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., Gould, J., Eskenazi, B., Anderson, E. (2005). Sex ratios in California following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Hum Reprod 20: 1221-1227 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Azoulay, E., Pochard, F., Kentish-Barnes, N., Chevret, S., Aboab, J., Adrie, C., Annane, D., Bleichner, G., Bollaert, P. E., Darmon, M., Fassier, T., Galliot, R., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Goulenok, C., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Hayon, J., Jourdain, M., Kaidomar, M., Laplace, C., Larche, J., Liotier, J., Papazian, L., Poisson, C., Reignier, J., Saidi, F., Schlemmer, B. (2005). Risk of Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Family Members of Intensive Care Unit Patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 987-994 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Reisinger, Y., Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel Anxiety and Intentions to Travel Internationally: Implications of Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Travel Research 43: 212-225 [Abstract]  
• Njenga, F. G., Nicholls, P. J., Nyamai, C., Kigamwa, P., Davidson, J. R. T. (2004). Post-traumatic stress after terrorist attack: psychological reactions following the US embassy bombing in Nairobi: Naturalistic study. Br. J. Psychiatry 185: 328-333 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Adams, M. L., Ford, J. D., Dailey, W. F. (2004). Predictors of Help Seeking Among Connecticut Adults After September 11, 2001. AJPH 94: 1596-1602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cabaniss, D. L., Forand, N., Roose, S. P. (2004). Conducting Analysis After September 11: Implications for Psychoanalytic Technique. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 52: 717-734 [Abstract]  
• Druss, B. G., Marcus, S. C. (2004). Use of Psychotropic Medications Before and After Sept. 11, 2001. Am. J. Psychiatry 161: 1377-1383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Verger, P., Dab, W., Lamping, D. L., Loze, J.-Y., Deschaseaux-Voinet, C., Abenhaim, L., Rouillon, F. (2004). The Psychological Impact of Terrorism: An Epidemiologic Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors in Victims of the 1995-1996 Bombings in France. Am. J. Psychiatry 161: 1384-1389 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., Shapira, I. (2004). Association of Fear of Terror With Low-Grade Inflammation Among Apparently Healthy Employed Adults. Psychosom. Med. 66: 484-491 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schoenfeld, F. B., Marmar, C. R., Neylan, T. C. (2004). Current Concepts in Pharmacotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychiatr. Serv. 55: 519-531 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laraque, D., Boscarino, J. A., Battista, A., Fleischman, A., Casalino, M., Hu, Y.-Y., Ramos, S., Adams, R. E., Schmidt, J., Chemtob, C. (2004). Reactions and Needs of Tristate-Area Pediatricians After the Events of September 11th: Implications for Children's Mental Health Services. Pediatrics 113: 1357-1366 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fairbrother, G., Stuber, J., Galea, S., Pfefferbaum, B., Fleischman, A. R. (2004). Unmet Need for Counseling Services by Children in New York City After the September 11th Attacks on the World Trade Center: Implications for Pediatricians. Pediatrics 113: 1367-1374 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Siegel, C. E., Laska, E., Meisner, M. (2004). Estimating Capacity Requirements for Mental Health Services After a Disaster Has Occurred: A Call for New Data. AJPH 94: 582-585 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Torabi, M. R., Seo, D.-C. (2004). National Study of Behavioral and Life Changes Since September 11. Health Educ Behav 31: 179-192 [Abstract]  
• Wayment, H. A. (2004). It Could Have Been Me: Vicarious Victims and Disaster-Focused Distress. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 30: 515-528 [Abstract]  
• Boscarino, J. A., Galea, S., Adams, R. E., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Vlahov, D. (2004). Mental Health Service and Medication Use in New York City After the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack. Psychiatr. Serv. 55: 274-283 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Catalano, R. A., Kessell, E. R., McConnell, W., Pirkle, E. (2004). Psychiatric Emergencies After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Psychiatr. Serv. 55: 163-166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D. (2004). Sustained Increased Consumption of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana Among Manhattan Residents After September 11, 2001. AJPH 94: 253-254 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Weissman, E. M., Kushner, M., Marcus, S. M., Davis, D. F. (2003). Volume of VA Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the New York Metropolitan Area After September 11. Psychiatr. Serv. 54: 1641-1643 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., Ehlers, A. (2003). Does Early Psychological Intervention Promote Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4: 45-79 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fagan, J., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Bonner, S., Vlahov, D. (2003). Relationship of Self-Reported Asthma Severity and Urgent Health Care Utilization to Psychological Sequelae of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on the World Trade Center Among New York City Area Residents. Psychosom. Med. 65: 993-996 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J. (2003). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alcohol Use, and Perceived Safety After the Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon. Psychiatr. Serv. 54: 1380-1382 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Reeves, J. J. (2003). Acute Stress Disorder, Alcohol Use, and Perception of Safety Among Hospital Staff After the Sniper Attacks. Psychiatr. Serv. 54: 1383-1387 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rudenstine, S., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Felton, C., Vlahov, D. (2003). Awareness and Perceptions of a Communitywide Mental Health Program in New York City After September 11. Psychiatr. Serv. 54: 1404-1406 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Susser, E., Gold, J., Bucuvalas, M., Kilpatrick, D. (2003). Trends of Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in New York City after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks. Am J Epidemiol 158: 514-524 [Abstract] [Full Text]