FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 346:1113-1118 April 11, 2002 Number 15 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Perspective by Rosenberg, I. H. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Experimental data suggest that long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish have antiarrhythmic properties, and a randomized trial suggested that dietary supplements of n–3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of sudden death among survivors of myocardial infarction. Whether long-chain n–3 fatty acids are also associated with the risk of sudden death in those without a history of cardiovascular disease is unknown.

Methods We conducted a prospective, nested case–control analysis among apparently healthy men who were followed for up to 17 years in the Physicians' Health Study. The fatty-acid composition of previously collected blood was analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography for 94 men in whom sudden death occurred as the first manifestation of cardiovascular disease and for 184 controls matched with them for age and smoking status.

Results Base-line blood levels of long-chain n–3 fatty acids were inversely related to the risk of sudden death both before adjustment for potential confounders (P for trend = 0.004) and after such adjustment (P for trend = 0.007). As compared with men whose blood levels of long-chain n–3 fatty acids were in the lowest quartile, the relative risk of sudden death was significantly lower among men with levels in the third quartile (adjusted relative risk, 0.28; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.09 to 0.87) and the fourth quartile (adjusted relative risk, 0.19; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.71).

Conclusions The n–3 fatty acids found in fish are strongly associated with a reduced risk of sudden death among men without evidence of prior cardiovascular disease.

Source Information

From the Division of Preventive Medicine (C.M.A., P.M.R., J.E.M.), the Channing Laboratory (M.J.S., J.E.M., W.C.W., J.M.), and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (C.M.A.); and the Departments of Nutrition (H.C., M.J.S., W.C.W.) and Epidemiology (M.J.S., J.E.M., W.C.W.), Harvard School of Public Health — all in Boston.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Albert at the Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave. East, Boston, MA 02215-1204, or at calbert{at}partners.org.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

n–3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Sudden Death
Henriques J. P.S., Zijlstra F., Siguel E., Hrdy D. B., Knecht T. P., Albert C. M., Stampfer M. J., Ma J., Rosenberg I. H.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2002; 347:531-533, Aug 15, 2002. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Rubin, E. H., Rich, M. W., Steinmeyer, B. C., Harris, W. S. (2009). Omega-3 Augmentation of Sertraline in Treatment of Depression in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 302: 1651-1657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lavie, C. J., Milani, R. V., Mehra, M. R., Ventura, H. O. (2009). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases.. J Am Coll Cardiol 54: 585-594 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Smith, P. J, Blumenthal, J. A, Babyak, M. A, Georgiades, A., Sherwood, A., Sketch, M. H Jr, Watkins, L. L (2009). Association between n-3 fatty acid consumption and ventricular ectopy after myocardial infarction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1315-1320 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mangat, I. (2009). Do vegetarians have to eat fish for optimal cardiovascular protection?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1597S-1601S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brouwer, I. A., Raitt, M. H., Dullemeijer, C., Kraemer, D. F., Zock, P. L., Morris, C., Katan, M. B., Connor, W. E., Camm, J. A., Schouten, E. G., McAnulty, J. (2009). Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia in three studies in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Eur Heart J 30: 820-826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harris, W. S., Mozaffarian, D., Lefevre, M., Toner, C. D., Colombo, J., Cunnane, S. C., Holden, J. M., Klurfeld, D. M., Morris, M. C., Whelan, J. (2009). Towards Establishing Dietary Reference Intakes for Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids. J. Nutr. 139: 804S-819S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li, G.-R., Sun, H.-Y., Zhang, X.-H., Cheng, L.-C., Chiu, S.-W., Tse, H.-F., Lau, C.-P. (2009). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier K+currents and Na+current in human atrial myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 81: 286-293 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kasuga, K., Yang, R., Porter, T. F., Agrawal, N., Petasis, N. A., Irimia, D., Toner, M., Serhan, C. N. (2008). Rapid Appearance of Resolvin Precursors in Inflammatory Exudates: Novel Mechanisms in Resolution. J. Immunol. 181: 8677-8687 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lamon, B. D., Hajjar, D. P. (2008). Inflammation at the Molecular Interface of Atherogenesis: An Anthropological Journey. Am. J. Pathol. 173: 1253-1264 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Abdukeyum, G. G., Owen, A. J., McLennan, P. L. (2008). Dietary (n-3) Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit Ischemia and Reperfusion Arrhythmias and Infarction in Rat Heart Not Enhanced by Ischemic Preconditioning. J. Nutr. 138: 1902-1909 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dujardin, K. S., Dumotier, B., David, M., Guizy, M., Valenzuela, C., Hondeghem, L. M. (2008). Ultrafast sodium channel block by dietary fish oil prevents dofetilide-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rabbit hearts. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 295: H1414-H1421 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Streppel, M. T., Ocke, M. C., Boshuizen, H. C., Kok, F. J., Kromhout, D. (2008). Long-term fish consumption and n-3 fatty acid intake in relation to (sudden) coronary heart disease death: the Zutphen study. Eur Heart J 29: 2024-2030 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sun, Q., Ma, J., Campos, H., Rexrode, K. M, Albert, C. M, Mozaffarian, D., Hu, F. B (2008). Blood concentrations of individual long-chain n-3 fatty acids and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 216-223 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mozaffarian, D. (2008). Fish and n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of fatal coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 1991S-1996S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harris, W. S (2008). The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 1997S-2002S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jenkins, D. J.A., Josse, A. R., Dorian, P., Burr, M. L., LaBelle Trangmar, R., Kendall, C. W.C., Cunnane, S. C. (2008). Heterogeneity in Randomized Controlled Trials of Long Chain (Fish) Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Restenosis, Secondary Prevention and Ventricular Arrhythmias. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 27: 367-378 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cohen, B. E., Garg, S. K., Ali, S., Harris, W. S., Whooley, M. A. (2008). Red Blood Cell Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Concentrations Are Positively Associated with Socioeconomic Status in Patients with Established Coronary Artery Disease: Data from the Heart and Soul Study. J. Nutr. 138: 1135-1140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Turco, S. D., Basta, G., Lazzerini, G., Evangelista, M., Rainaldi, G., Tanganelli, P., Christensen, J. H., Schmidt, E. B., De Caterina, R. (2008). Effect of the administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on circulating levels of microparticles in patients with a previous myocardial infarction. haematol 93: 892-899 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kandasamy, N., Joseph, F., Goenka, N. (2008). Review: The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease, hypertriglyceridaemia and diabetes mellitus. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 8: 121-126 [Abstract]  
• Djousse, L., Gaziano, J M. (2008). Egg consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Physicians' Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 964-969 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oe, H, Hozumi, T, Murata, E, Matsuura, H, Negishi, K, Matsumura, Y, Iwata, S, Ogawa, K, Sugioka, K, Takemoto, Y, Shimada, K, Yoshiyama, M, Ishikura, Y, Kiso, Y, Yoshikawa, J (2008). Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases coronary flow velocity reserve in Japanese elderly individuals. Heart 94: 316-321 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, J. H., O'Keefe, J. H., Lavie, C. J., Marchioli, R., Harris, W. S. (2008). Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Cardioprotection. Mayo Clin Proc. 83: 324-332 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., Chung, G. H., Mackey, B. E. (2008). Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Decreases Remnant-Like Particle-Cholesterol and Increases the (n-3) Index in Hypertriglyceridemic Men. J. Nutr. 138: 30-35 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laurent, G., Moe, G., Hu, X., Holub, B., Leong-Poi, H., Trogadis, J., Connelly, K., Courtman, D., Strauss, B. H., Dorian, P. (2008). Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce atrial vulnerability in a novel canine pacing model. Cardiovasc Res 77: 89-97 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sakabe, M., Shiroshita-Takeshita, A., Maguy, A., Dumesnil, C., Nigam, A., Leung, T.-K., Nattel, S. (2007). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Atrial Fibrillation Associated With Heart Failure but Not Atrial Tachycardia Remodeling. Circulation 116: 2101-2109 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pepe, S., McLennan, P. L. (2007). (n-3) Long Chain PUFA Dose-Dependently Increase Oxygen Utilization Efficiency and Inhibit Arrhythmias after Saturated Fat Feeding in Rats. J. Nutr. 137: 2377-2383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• London, B., Albert, C., Anderson, M. E., Giles, W. R., Van Wagoner, D. R., Balk, E., Billman, G. E., Chung, M., Lands, W., Leaf, A., McAnulty, J., Martens, J. R., Costello, R. B., Lathrop, D. A. (2007). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Prior Studies and Recommendations for Future Research: A Report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Dietary Supplements Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Role in Cardiac Arrhythmogenesis Workshop. Circulation 116: e320-e335 [Full Text]  
• Prabodh Shah, A., Ichiuji, A. M., Han, J. K., Traina, M., El-Bialy, A., Kamal Meymandi, S., Yvonne Wachsner, R. (2007). Cardiovascular and Endothelial Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation in Healthy Volunteers. J CARDIOVASC PHARMACOL THER 12: 213-219 [Abstract]  
• Zivkovic, A. M, German, J B., Sanyal, A. J (2007). Comparative review of diets for the metabolic syndrome: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 285-300 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sun, Q., Ma, J., Campos, H., Hankinson, S. E, Hu, F. B (2007). Comparison between plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in US women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86: 74-81 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Metcalf, R. G, James, M. J, Gibson, R. A, Edwards, J. R., Stubberfield, J., Stuklis, R., Roberts-Thomson, K., Young, G. D, Cleland, L. G (2007). Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 1222-1228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liou, Y. A., King, D. J., Zibrik, D., Innis, S. M. (2007). Decreasing Linoleic Acid with Constant {alpha}-Linolenic Acid in Dietary Fats Increases (n-3) Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Plasma Phospholipids in Healthy Men. J. Nutr. 137: 945-952 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• De Caterina, R., Madonna, R., Bertolotto, A., Schmidt, E. B. (2007). n-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Diabetic Patients: Biological rationale and clinical data. Diabetes Care 30: 1012-1026 [Full Text]  
• Sun, Y.-P., Oh, S. F., Uddin, J., Yang, R., Gotlinger, K., Campbell, E., Colgan, S. P., Petasis, N. A., Serhan, C. N. (2007). Resolvin D1 and Its Aspirin-triggered 17R Epimer: STEREOCHEMICAL ASSIGNMENTS, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES, AND ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 9323-9334 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arita, M., Ohira, T., Sun, Y.-P., Elangovan, S., Chiang, N., Serhan, C. N. (2007). Resolvin E1 Selectively Interacts with Leukotriene B4 Receptor BLT1 and ChemR23 to Regulate Inflammation. J. Immunol. 178: 3912-3917 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• von Schacky, C., Harris, W. S. (2007). Cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Cardiovasc Res 73: 310-315 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Den Ruijter, H. M., Berecki, G., Opthof, T., Verkerk, A. O., Zock, P. L., Coronel, R. (2007). Pro- and antiarrhythmic properties of a diet rich in fish oil. Cardiovasc Res 73: 316-325 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Coronel, R., Wilms-Schopman, F. J.G., Den Ruijter, H. M., Belterman, C. N., Schumacher, C. A., Opthof, T., Hovenier, R., Lemmens, A. G., Terpstra, A. H.M., Katan, M. B., Zock, P. (2007). Dietary n-3 fatty acids promote arrhythmias during acute regional myocardial ischemia in isolated pig hearts. Cardiovasc Res 73: 386-394 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Erkkila, A. T., Matthan, N. R., Herrington, D. M., Lichtenstein, A. H. (2006). Higher plasma docosahexaenoic acid is associated with reduced progression of coronary atherosclerosis in women with CAD. J. Lipid Res. 47: 2814-2819 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cao, J., Schwichtenberg, K. A., Hanson, N. Q., Tsai, M. Y. (2006). Incorporation and Clearance of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Erythrocyte Membranes and Plasma Phospholipids. Clin. Chem. 52: 2265-2272 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hogg, R. J., Fitzgibbons, L., Atkins, C., Nardelli, N., Bay, R. C., for the North American IgA Nephropathy Study Group, (2006). Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with IgA Nephropathy Is Dosage- and Size-Dependent. CJASN 1: 1167-1172 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mozaffarian, D., Rimm, E. B. (2006). Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits.. JAMA 296: 1885-1899 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Radaelli, A., Cazzaniga, M., Viola, A., Balestri, G., Janetti, M. B., Signorini, M. G., Castiglioni, P., Azzellino, A., Mancia, G., Ferrari, A. U. (2006). Enhanced Baroreceptor Control of the Cardiovascular System by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Heart Failure Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: 1600-1606 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oliver, M.F. (2006). Sudden cardiac death: the lost fatty acid hypothesis. QJM 99: 701-709 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, , Zipes, D. P., Camm, A. J., Borggrefe, M., Buxton, A. E., Chaitman, B., Fromer, M., Gregoratos, G., Klein, G., Moss, A. J., Myerburg, R. J., Priori, S. G., Quinones, M. A., Roden, D. M., Silka, M. J., Tracy, C., Smith, S. C. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Anderson, J. L., Hunt, S. A., Halperin, J. L., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B., Priori, S. G., Blanc, J.-J., Budaj, A., Camm, A. J., Dean, V., Deckers, J. W., Despres, C., Dickstein, K., Lekakis, J., McGregor, K., Metra, M., Morais, J., Osterspey, A., Tamargo, J. L., Zamorano, J. L. (2006). ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death). J Am Coll Cardiol 48: e247-e346 [Full Text]  
• Oh, R. C., Beresford, S. A. A., Lafferty, W. E. (2006). The Fish in Secondary Prevention of Heart Disease (FISH) Survey--Primary Care Physicians and {omega}3 Fatty Acid Prescribing Behaviors. J Am Board Fam Med 19: 459-467 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Writing Committee Members, , Zipes, D. P., Camm, A. J., Borggrefe, M., Buxton, A. E., Chaitman, B., Fromer, M., Gregoratos, G., Klein, G., Moss, A. J., Myerburg, R. J., Priori, S. G., Quinones, M. A., Roden, D. M., Silka, M. J., Tracy, C., ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines, , Priori, S. G., Blanc, J.-J., Budaj, A., Camm, A. J., Dean, V., Deckers, J. W., Despres, C., Dickstein, K., Lekakis, J., McGregor, K., Metra, M., Morais, J., Osterspey, A., Tamargo, J. L., Zamorano, J. L., ACC/AHA Task Force Members, , Smith, S. C. Jr, Jacobs, A. K., Adams, C. D., Antman, E. M., Anderson, J. L., Hunt, S. A., Halperin, J. L., Nishimura, R., Ornato, J. P., Page, R. L., Riegel, B. (2006). ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Europace 8: 746-837 [Full Text]  
• Zarraga, I. G.E., Schwarz, E. R. (2006). Impact of Dietary Patterns and Interventions on Cardiovascular Health. Circulation 114: 961-973 [Full Text]  
• Lichtenstein, A. H. (2006). Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein: effects on plasma lipoprotein patterns. J. Lipid Res. 47: 1661-1667 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mozaffarian, D., Prineas, R. J., Stein, P. K., Siscovick, D. S. (2006). Dietary Fish and n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Cardiac Electrocardiographic Parameters in Humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: 478-484 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shimojo, N., Jesmin, S., Zaedi, S., Maeda, S., Soma, M., Aonuma, K., Yamaguchi, I., Miyauchi, T. (2006). Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents endothelin-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro through the suppression of TGF-beta1 and phosphorylated JNK. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291: H835-H845 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• McGuinness, J., Neilan, T.G., Sharkasi, A., Bouchier-Hayes, D., Redmond, J.M. (2006). Myocardial protection using an omega-3 fatty acid infusion: Quantification and mechanism of action. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 132: 72-79 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Svensson, M., Schmidt, E. B., Jorgensen, K. A., Christensen, J. H., on behalf of the OPACH Study Group, (2006). N-3 Fatty Acids as Secondary Prevention against Cardiovascular Events in Patients Who Undergo Chronic Hemodialysis: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Trial. CJASN 1: 780-786 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brouwer, I. A., Zock, P. L., Camm, A. J., Bocker, D., Hauer, R. N. W., Wever, E. F. D., Dullemeijer, C., Ronden, J. E., Katan, M. B., Lubinski, A., Buschler, H., Schouten, E. G., for the SOFA Study Group, (2006). Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial.. JAMA 295: 2613-2619 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Breslow, J. L (2006). n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: S1477-1482S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Skeaff, C. M., Hodson, L., McKenzie, J. E. (2006). Dietary-Induced Changes in Fatty Acid Composition of Human Plasma, Platelet, and Erythrocyte Lipids Follow a Similar Time Course. J. Nutr. 136: 565-569 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ferrucci, L., Cherubini, A., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Corsi, A., Lauretani, F., Martin, A., Andres-Lacueva, C., Senin, U., Guralnik, J. M. (2006). Relationship of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Circulating Inflammatory Markers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 439-446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iso, H., Kobayashi, M., Ishihara, J., Sasaki, S., Okada, K., Kita, Y., Kokubo, Y., Tsugane, S., for the JPHC Study Group, (2006). Intake of Fish and n3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Japanese: The Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation 113: 195-202 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boos, C. J., Anderson, R. A., Lip, G. Y.H. (2006). Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder?. Eur Heart J 27: 136-149 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Prepared by: British Cardiac Society, British Hype, (2005). JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 91: v1-v52 [Full Text]  
• Albert, C. M., Oh, K., Whang, W., Manson, J. E., Chae, C. U., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B. (2005). Dietary {alpha}-Linolenic Acid Intake and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death and Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation 112: 3232-3238 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Foran, J. A., Good, D. H., Carpenter, D. O., Hamilton, M. C., Knuth, B. A., Schwager, S. J. (2005). Quantitative Analysis of the Benefits and Risks of Consuming Farmed and Wild Salmon. J. Nutr. 135: 2639-2643 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Guizy, M., Arias, C., David, M., Gonzalez, T., Valenzuela, C. (2005). {omega}-3 and {omega}-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids block HERG channels. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 289: C1251-C1260 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Leaf, A., Albert, C. M., Josephson, M., Steinhaus, D., Kluger, J., Kang, J. X., Cox, B., Zhang, H., Schoenfeld, D., for the Fatty Acid Antiarrhythmia Trial Investigat, (2005). Prevention of Fatal Arrhythmias in High-Risk Subjects by Fish Oil n-3 Fatty Acid Intake. Circulation 112: 2762-2768 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Masood, A., Stark, K. D., Salem, N. Jr. (2005). A simplified and efficient method for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters suitable for large clinical studies. J. Lipid Res. 46: 2299-2305 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2005). 2nd International Symposium on Triglycerides and HDL: Metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 28: 2577-2584 [Full Text]  
• Baylin, A., Kim, M. K., Donovan-Palmer, A., Siles, X., Dougherty, L., Tocco, P., Campos, H. (2005). Fasting Whole Blood as a Biomarker of Essential Fatty Acid Intake in Epidemiologic Studies: Comparison with Adipose Tissue and Plasma. Am J Epidemiol 162: 373-381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Macchia, A., Levantesi, G., Franzosi, M. G., Geraci, E., Maggioni, A. P., Marfisi, R., Nicolosi, G. L., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Valagussa, F., Marchioli, R., on behalf of the GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators, (2005). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Heart Fail 7: 904-909 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raitt, M. H., Connor, W. E., Morris, C., Kron, J., Halperin, B., Chugh, S. S., McClelland, J., Cook, J., MacMurdy, K., Swenson, R., Connor, S. L., Gerhard, G., Kraemer, D. F., Oseran, D., Marchant, C., Calhoun, D., Shnider, R., McAnulty, J. (2005). Fish Oil Supplementation and Risk of Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation in Patients With Implantable Defibrillators: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 293: 2884-2891 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maki, K. C., Van Elswyk, M. E., McCarthy, D., Hess, S. P., Veith, P. E., Bell, M., Subbaiah, P., Davidson, M. H. (2005). Lipid Responses to a Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplement in Men and Women with Below Average Levels of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 24: 189-199 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Calo, L., Bianconi, L., Colivicchi, F., Lamberti, F., Loricchio, M. L., de Ruvo, E., Meo, A., Pandozi, C., Staibano, M., Santini, M. (2005). N-3 Fatty Acids for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1723-1728 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parikh, P., McDaniel, M. C., Ashen, M. D., Miller, J. I., Sorrentino, M., Chan, V., Blumenthal, R. S., Sperling, L. S. (2005). Diets and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidence-Based Assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1379-1387 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Whang, W., Albert, C. M., Sears, S. F. Jr, Lampert, R., Conti, J. B., Wang, P. J., Singh, J. P., Ruskin, J. N., Muller, J. E., Mittleman, M. A., TOVA Study Investigators, (2005). Depression as a predictor for appropriate shocks among patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: Results from the Triggers of Ventricular Arrhythmias (TOVA) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1090-1095 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Holguin, F., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Lazo, M., Mannino, D., Schwartz, J., Hernandez, M., Romieu, I. (2005). Cardiac Autonomic Changes Associated With Fish Oil vs Soy Oil Supplementation in the Elderly. Chest 127: 1102-1107 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arita, M., Bianchini, F., Aliberti, J., Sher, A., Chiang, N., Hong, S., Yang, R., Petasis, N. A., Serhan, C. N. (2005). Stereochemical assignment, antiinflammatory properties, and receptor for the omega-3 lipid mediator resolvin E1. JEM 201: 713-722 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arnold, S. M., Lynn, T. V., Verbrugge, L. A., Middaugh, J. P. (2005). Human Biomonitoring to Optimize Fish Consumption Advice: Reducing Uncertainty When Evaluating Benefits and Risks. AJPH 95: 393-397 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Geelen, A., Brouwer, I. A, Schouten, E. G, Maan, A. C, Katan, M. B, Zock, P. L (2005). Effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81: 416-420 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schwarz, S., Leweling, H. (2005). Multiple sclerosis and nutrition. Mult Scler 11: 24-32 [Abstract]  
• Mozaffarian, D., Ascherio, A., Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Siscovick, D. S., Rimm, E. B. (2005). Interplay Between Different Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men. Circulation 111: 157-164 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roberts, C. K., Barnard, R. J. (2005). Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. J. Appl. Physiol. 98: 3-30 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oh, R. (2005). Practical Applications of Fish Oil ({Omega}-3 Fatty Acids) in Primary Care. J Am Board Fam Med 18: 28-36 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Christensen, J. H., Riahi, S., Schmidt, E. B., Mølgaard, H., Pedersen, A. K., Heath, F., Nielsen, J. C., Toft, E. (2005). n-3 Fatty acids and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Europace 7: 338-344 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Folsom, A. R., Demissie, Z. (2004). Fish Intake, Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Cohort of Postmenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 160: 1005-1010 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Giltay, E. J, Gooren, L. J., Toorians, A. W., Katan, M. B, Zock, P. L (2004). Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations are higher in women than in men because of estrogenic effects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 1167-1174 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Harris, W. S., Sands, S. A., Windsor, S. L., Ali, H. A., Stevens, T. L., Magalski, A., Porter, C. B., Borkon, A. M. (2004). Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiac Biopsies From Heart Transplantation Patients: Correlation With Erythrocytes and Response to Supplementation. Circulation 110: 1645-1649 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Erkkila, A. T, Lichtenstein, A. H, Mozaffarian, D., Herrington, D. M (2004). Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 626-632 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Benatti, P., Peluso, G., Nicolai, R., Calvani, M. (2004). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Biochemical, Nutritional and Epigenetic Properties. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23: 281-302 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tavazzi, L., Tognoni, G., Franzosi, M. G., Latini, R., Maggioni, A. P., Marchioli, R., Nicolosi, G. L., Porcu, M., on behalf of the GISSI-HF investigators, (2004). Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 6: 635-641 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mozaffarian, D., Psaty, B. M., Rimm, E. B., Lemaitre, R. N., Burke, G. L., Lyles, M. F., Lefkowitz, D., Siscovick, D. S. (2004). Fish Intake and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 110: 368-373 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dangour, A. D., Sibson, V. L., Fletcher, A. E. (2004). Hormones and Supplements: Do They Work?: Micronutrient Supplementation in Later Life: Limited Evidence for Benefit. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59: B659-B673 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Paoletti, R., Gotto, A. M. Jr, Hajjar, D. P. (2004). Inflammation in Atherosclerosis and Implications for Therapy. Circulation 109: III-20-III-26 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Surette, M. E., Edens, M., Chilton, F. H., Tramposch, K. M. (2004). Dietary Echium Oil Increases Plasma and Neutrophil Long-Chain (n-3) Fatty Acids and Lowers Serum Triacylglycerols in Hypertriglyceridemic Humans. J. Nutr. 134: 1406-1411 [Abstract] [Full Text]