The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagonon September 11, 2001, represented an amalgam of interpersonalviolence, loss, and disaster. Tens of thousands of people ranfor their lives in fear, were exposed to graphic scenes of death,or lost loved ones. It is estimated that well over 100,000 peopledirectly witnessed the events, and many people around the worldwere also exposed to these horrifying scenes through the media.1The attacks were followed by the imminent threat of subsequentattacks, the prospect of war, and bioterrorism. These eventshave influenced and will continue to influence . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Definition of PTSD
Epidemiologic Aspects
Psychological Aspects
Biologic Aspects
Treatment
Counseling
Medications
Referral
Summary
Source Information
From the Division of Traumatic Stress Studies and Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Yehuda at Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY 10468, or at rachel.yehuda@med.va.gov.
References
This article has been cited by other articles:
Ladwig, K.-H., Baumert, J., Marten-Mittag, B., Kolb, C., Zrenner, B., Schmitt, C.
(2008). Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Predicted Mortality in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators: Results From the Prospective Living With an Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillator Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry
65: 1324-1330
[Abstract][Full Text]
McFarlane, A. C., Ellis, N., Barton, C., Browne, D., Van Hooff, M.
(2008). The Conundrum of Medically Unexplained Symptoms: Questions to Consider. Psychosomatics
49: 369-377
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wolf, O. T, Kudielka, B. M
(2008). Stress, health and ageing: a focus on postmenopausal women. Menopause Int
14: 129-133
[Abstract][Full Text]
American Academy of Pediatrics, , Stirling, J. Jr, and the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and S, , American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatr, , Amaya-Jackson, L., National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, , Amaya-Jackson, L.
(2008). Understanding the Behavioral and Emotional Consequences of Child Abuse. Pediatrics
122: 667-673
[Abstract][Full Text]
Obilom, R. E., Thacher, T. D.
(2008). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Ethnoreligious Conflict in Jos, Nigeria. J Interpers Violence
23: 1108-1119
[Abstract]
Boscarino, J. A.
(2008). A Prospective Study of PTSD and Early-Age Heart Disease Mortality Among Vietnam Veterans: Implications for Surveillance and Prevention. Psychosom. Med.
70: 668-676
[Abstract][Full Text]
Riviere, S, Schwoebel, V, Lapierre-Duval, K, Guinard, A, Gardette, V, Lang, T., for the Scientific and Operational Committees,
(2008). Predictors of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after the AZF chemical factory explosion on 21 September 2001, in Toulouse, France. J. Epidemiol. Community Health
62: 455-460
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bar-Joseph, U., McDermott, R.
(2008). Personal Functioning Under Stress: Accountability and Social Support of Israeli Leaders in the Yom Kippur War. Journal of Conflict Resolution
52: 144-170
[Abstract]
Fassaert, T., Dorn, T., Spreeuwenberg, P. M. M., van Dongen, M. C. J. M., van Gool, C. J. A. W., Yzermans, C. J.
(2007). Prescription of benzodiazepines in general practice in the context of a man-made disaster: a longitudinal study. Eur J Public Health
17: 612-617
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kajantie, E., Feldt, K., Raikkonen, K., Phillips, D. I. W., Osmond, C., Heinonen, K., Pesonen, A.-K., Andersson, S., Barker, D. J. P., Eriksson, J. G.
(2007). Body Size at Birth Predicts Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Psychosocial Stress at Age 60 to 70 Years. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
92: 4094-4100
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mealer, M. L., Shelton, A., Berg, B., Rothbaum, B., Moss, M.
(2007). Increased Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Critical Care Nurses. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
175: 693-697
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Stein, M. B., Afifi, T. O., Fleet, C., Asmundson, G. J. G.
(2007). Physical and Mental Comorbidity, Disability, and Suicidal Behavior Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Large Community Sample. Psychosom. Med.
69: 242-248
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lautrette, A., Darmon, M., Megarbane, B., Joly, L. M., Chevret, S., Adrie, C., Barnoud, D., Bleichner, G., Bruel, C., Choukroun, G., Curtis, J. R., Fieux, F., Galliot, R., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Georges, H., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Jourdain, M., Loubert, G., Reignier, J., Saidi, F., Souweine, B., Vincent, F., Barnes, N. K., Pochard, F., Schlemmer, B., Azoulay, E.
(2007). A Communication Strategy and Brochure for Relatives of Patients Dying in the ICU. NEJM
356: 469-478
[Abstract][Full Text]
von Kanel, R., Begre, S.
(2006). Depression After Myocardial Infarction: Unraveling the Mystery of Poor Cardiovascular Prognosis and Role of Beta-Blocker Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol
48: 2215-2217
[Full Text]
Heim, C., Wagner, D., Maloney, E., Papanicolaou, D. A., Solomon, L., Jones, J. F., Unger, E. R., Reeves, W. C.
(2006). Early Adverse Experience and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Results From a Population-Based Study.. Arch Gen Psychiatry
63: 1258-1266
[Abstract][Full Text]
Violanti, J. M., Castellano, C., O'Rourke, J., Paton, D.
(2006). Proximity to the 9/11 Terrorist Attack and Suicide Ideation in Police Officers. Traumatology
12: 248-254
[Abstract]
Mao, S.-C., Hsiao, Y.-H., Gean, P.-W.
(2006). Extinction Training in Conjunction with a Partial Agonist of the Glycine Site on the NMDA Receptor Erases Memory Trace.. J. Neurosci.
26: 8892-8899
[Abstract][Full Text]
von Kanel, R., Hepp, U., Buddeberg, C., Keel, M., Mica, L., Aschbacher, K., Schnyder, U.
(2006). Altered Blood Coagulation in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychosom. Med.
68: 598-604
[Abstract][Full Text]
Shemesh, E., Koren-Michowitz, M., Yehuda, R., Milo-Cotter, O., Murdock, E., Vered, Z., Shneider, B. L., Gorman, J. M., Cotter, G.
(2006). Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients Who Have Had a Myocardial Infarction. Psychosomatics
47: 231-239
[Abstract][Full Text]
Weis, F., Kilger, E., Roozendaal, B., de Quervain, D. J.-F., Lamm, P., Schmidt, M., Schmolz, M., Briegel, J., Schelling, G.
(2006). Stress doses of hydrocortisone reduce chronic stress symptoms and improve health-related quality of life in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery: A randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.
131: 277-282
[Abstract][Full Text]
Jordan, K.
(2005). What We Learned From 9/11: A Terrorism Grief and Recovery Process Model. BRIEF TREAT CRISIS INTERVEN
5: 340-355
[Abstract][Full Text]
McLean, S. A., Clauw, D. J., Abelson, J. L., Liberzon, I.
(2005). The Development of Persistent Pain and Psychological Morbidity After Motor Vehicle Collision: Integrating the Potential Role of Stress Response Systems Into a Biopsychosocial Model. Psychosom. Med.
67: 783-790
[Abstract][Full Text]
Mitra, R., Jadhav, S., McEwen, B. S., Vyas, A., Chattarji, S.
(2005). Stress duration modulates the spatiotemporal patterns of spine formation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
102: 9371-9376
[Abstract][Full Text]
Azoulay, E., Pochard, F., Kentish-Barnes, N., Chevret, S., Aboab, J., Adrie, C., Annane, D., Bleichner, G., Bollaert, P. E., Darmon, M., Fassier, T., Galliot, R., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Goulenok, C., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Hayon, J., Jourdain, M., Kaidomar, M., Laplace, C., Larche, J., Liotier, J., Papazian, L., Poisson, C., Reignier, J., Saidi, F., Schlemmer, B.
(2005). Risk of Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Family Members of Intensive Care Unit Patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
171: 987-994
[Abstract][Full Text]
Woods, S. J.
(2005). Intimate Partner Violence and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Women: What We Know and Need to Know. J Interpers Violence
20: 394-402
[Abstract]
Meltzer-Brody, S., Hartmann, K., Miller, W. C., Scott, J., Garrett, J., Davidson, J.
(2004). A Brief Screening Instrument to Detect Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Outpatient Gynecology. Obstet Gynecol
104: 770-776
[Abstract][Full Text]
Verger, P., Dab, W., Lamping, D. L., Loze, J.-Y., Deschaseaux-Voinet, C., Abenhaim, L., Rouillon, F.
(2004). The Psychological Impact of Terrorism: An Epidemiologic Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors in Victims of the 1995-1996 Bombings in France. Am. J. Psychiatry
161: 1384-1389
[Abstract][Full Text]
Aerni, A., Traber, R., Hock, C., Roozendaal, B., Schelling, G., Papassotiropoulos, A., Nitsch, R. M., Schnyder, U., de Quervain, D. J.-F.
(2004). Low-Dose Cortisol for Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry
161: 1488-1490
[Abstract][Full Text]
Starr, A. J., Smith, W. R., Frawley, W. H., Borer, D. S., Morgan, S. J., Reinert, C. M., Mendoza-Welch, M.
(2004). Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Orthopaedic Trauma. JBJS
86: 1115-1121
[Abstract][Full Text]
Akechi, T., Okuyama, T., Sugawara, Y., Nakano, T., Shima, Y., Uchitomi, Y.
(2004). Major Depression, Adjustment Disorders, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: Associated and Predictive Factors. JCO
22: 1957-1965
[Abstract][Full Text]
Loveland Cook, C. A., Flick, L. H., Homan, S. M., Campbell, C., McSweeney, M., Gallagher, M. E.
(2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Pregnancy: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Treatment. Obstet Gynecol
103: 710-717
[Abstract][Full Text]
Otte, C., Yassouridis, A., Jahn, H., Maass, P., Stober, N., Wiedemann, K., Kellner, M.
(2003). Mineralocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Aged Humans. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.
58: B900-905
[Abstract][Full Text]
Raison, C. L., Miller, A. H.
(2003). When Not Enough Is Too Much: The Role of Insufficient Glucocorticoid Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Stress-Related Disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry
160: 1554-1565
[Abstract][Full Text]
Connor, K. M., Butterfield, M. I.
(2003). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Focus
1: 247-262
[Abstract][Full Text]
DeLisi, L. E., Maurizio, A., Yost, M., Papparozzi, C. F., Fulchino, C., Katz, C. L., Altesman, J., Biel, M., Lee, J., Stevens, P.
(2003). A Survey of New Yorkers After the Sept. 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks. Am. J. Psychiatry
160: 780-783
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stein, M. B.
(2002). A 46-Year-Old Man With Anxiety and Nightmares After a Motor Vehicle Collision. JAMA
288: 1513-1521
[Full Text]
Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., McIntosh, D. N., Poulin, M., Gil-Rivas, V.
(2002). Nationwide Longitudinal Study of Psychological Responses to September 11. JAMA
288: 1235-1244
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sahlas, D. J., MacLean, J. D., Janevski, J., Detsky, A. S.
(2002). Out of Africa. NEJM
347: 749-753
[Full Text]
Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., Thalji, L., Dennis, J. M., Fairbank, J. A., Kulka, R. A.
(2002). Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks: Findings From the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11. JAMA
288: 581-588
[Abstract][Full Text]
Apolone, G., Mosconi, P., La Vecchia, C., Beckett, W. S., Breslau, N., Lindauer, R.J.L., Meyer, T. M., Yehuda, R., Ursano, R. J.
(2002). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NEJM
346: 1495-1498
[Full Text]
Kennedy, J. S., Auster, S., Schulman-Green, D., Meier, D. E., Back, A. L., Morrison, R. S.
(2002). Physicians' Feelings About Themselves and Their Patients. JAMA
287: 1113-1114
[Full Text]
Ursano, R. J.
(2002). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NEJM
346: 130-132
[Full Text]