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The treatment of diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts has changed a great deal over the past dozen years. By 1990, extracorporeal lithotripsy of gallstones and various methods of dissolving gallstones threatened in part to replace cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was a novelty then but is now the usual treatment for symptomatic gallbladder stones. Now dissolution of gallstones and extracorporeal lithotripsy are practically curiosities. Endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are replacing endoscopic cholangiography in some instances. There is a growing understanding of the molecular biology of bile flow and biliary diseases. Unfortunately, biliary cancers continue to carry a grave
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