FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 346:1623-1630 May 23, 2002 Number 21 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Editorial by Flier, J. S. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Weight loss causes changes in appetite and energy expenditure that promote weight regain. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases food intake in rodents and humans. If circulating ghrelin participates in the adaptive response to weight loss, its levels should rise with dieting. Because ghrelin is produced primarily by the stomach, weight loss after gastric bypass surgery may be accompanied by impaired ghrelin secretion.

Methods We determined the 24-hour plasma ghrelin profiles, body composition, insulin levels, leptin levels, and insulin sensitivity in 13 obese subjects before and after a six-month dietary program for weight loss. The 24-hour ghrelin profiles were also determined in 5 subjects who had lost weight after gastric bypass and 10 normal-weight controls; 5 of the 13 obese subjects who participated in the dietary program were matched to the subjects in the gastric-bypass group and served as obese controls.

Results Plasma ghrelin levels rose sharply shortly before and fell shortly after every meal. A diet-induced weight loss of 17 percent of initial body weight was associated with a 24 percent increase in the area under the curve for the 24-hour ghrelin profile (P=0.006). In contrast, despite a 36 percent weight loss after gastric bypass, the area under the curve for the ghrelin profile in the gastric-bypass group was 77 percent lower than in normal-weight controls (P<0.001) and 72 percent lower than in matched obese controls (P=0.01). The normal, meal-related fluctuations and diurnal rhythm of the ghrelin level were absent after gastric bypass.

Conclusions The increase in the plasma ghrelin level with diet-induced weight loss is consistent with the hypothesis that ghrelin has a role in the long-term regulation of body weight. Gastric bypass is associated with markedly suppressed ghrelin levels, possibly contributing to the weight-reducing effect of the procedure.

Source Information

From the Departments of Medicine (D.E.C., D.S.W., R.S.F., P.A.B., M.K.M.) and Surgery (E.P.D.), University of Washington; the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (D.E.C., R.S.F., M.K.M.); the Harborview Medical Center (D.S.W., P.A.B.); and University Hospital (E.P.D.) — all in Seattle; and the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (J.Q.P.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Cummings at the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Div., 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-111-Endo, Seattle, WA 98108, or at davidec{at}u.washington.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Weight Loss and Plasma Ghrelin Levels
Rubino F., Gagner M., Camilleri M., Cremonini F., Geliebter A., Cummings D. E., Purnell J. Q., Weigle D. S.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1379-1381, Oct 24, 2002. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Van Vugt, D. A. (2009). Brain imaging studies of appetite in the context of obesity and the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod Update 0: dmp051v1-dmp051 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lomenick, J. P., Melguizo, M. S., Mitchell, S. L., Summar, M. L., Anderson, J. W. (2009). Effects of Meals High in Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat on Ghrelin and Peptide YY Secretion in Prepubertal Children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94: 4463-4471 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stearns, A. T., Balakrishnan, A., Tavakkolizadeh, A. (2009). Impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on rat intestinal glucose transport. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 297: G950-G957 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zheng, H., Shin, A. C., Lenard, N. R., Townsend, R. L., Patterson, L. M., Sigalet, D. L., Berthoud, H.-R. (2009). Meal patterns, satiety, and food choice in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297: R1273-R1282 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Taddei, S., Virdis, A. (2009). Exogenous Ghrelin on Nitric Oxide-Endothelin 1 Imbalance in Metabolic Syndrome: Can We Kill 2 Birds With 1 Stone?. Hypertension 54: 960-961 [Full Text]  
• Kandil, M. E., Elwan, A., Hussein, Y., Kandeel, W., Rasheed, M. (2009). Ghrelin Levels in Children with Congenital Heart Disease. J Trop Pediatr 55: 307-312 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• St-Pierre, D. H, Rabasa-Lhoret, R., Lavoie, M.-E., Karelis, A. D, Strychar, I., Doucet, E., Coderre, L. (2009). Fiber intake predicts ghrelin levels in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 161: 65-72 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beck, B, Richy, S (2009). Dietary modulation of ghrelin and leptin and gorging behavior after weight loss in the obese Zucker rat. J Endocrinol 202: 29-34 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schultes, B., Ernst, B., Schmid, F., Thurnheer, M. (2009). Distal gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of hypothalamic obesity after childhood craniopharyngioma. Eur J Endocrinol 161: 201-206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, N., Liu, X., Ding, E. L., Xu, M., Wu, S., Liu, L., Sun, X., Hu, F. B. (2009). Impaired Ghrelin Response after High-Fat Meals Is Associated with Decreased Satiety in Obese and Lean Chinese Young Adults. J. Nutr. 139: 1286-1291 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thaler, J. P., Cummings, D. E. (2009). Hormonal and Metabolic Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission after Gastrointestinal Surgery. Endocrinology 150: 2518-2525 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tham, E., Liu, J., Innis, S., Thompson, D., Gaylinn, B. D., Bogarin, R., Haim, A., Thorner, M. O., Chanoine, J.-P. (2009). Acylated ghrelin concentrations are markedly decreased during pregnancy in mothers with and without gestational diabetes: relationship with cholinesterase. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296: E1093-E1100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lu, S.-C., Xu, J., Chinookoswong, N., Liu, S., Steavenson, S., Gegg, C., Brankow, D., Lindberg, R., Veniant, M., Gu, W. (2009). An Acyl-Ghrelin-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Inhibits the Acute Ghrelin-Mediated Orexigenic Effects in Mice. Mol. Pharmacol. 75: 901-907 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vetter, M. L., Cardillo, S., Rickels, M. R., Iqbal, N. (2009). Narrative Review: Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ANN INTERN MED 150: 94-103 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bray, G. A, Flatt, J.-P., Volaufova, J., DeLany, J. P, Champagne, C. M (2008). Corrective responses in human food intake identified from an analysis of 7-d food-intake records. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 1504-1510 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melanson, K. J, Angelopoulos, T. J, Nguyen, V., Zukley, L., Lowndes, J., Rippe, J. M (2008). High-fructose corn syrup, energy intake, and appetite regulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 1738S-1744S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mayorov, A. V., Amara, N., Chang, J. Y., Moss, J. A., Hixon, M. S., Ruiz, D. I., Meijler, M. M., Zorrilla, E. P., Janda, K. D. (2008). Catalytic antibody degradation of ghrelin increases whole-body metabolic rate and reduces refeeding in fasting mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 17487-17492 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arepally, A., Barnett, B. P., Patel, T. T., Howland, V., Boston, R. C., Kraitchman, D. L., Malayeri, A. A. (2008). Catheter-directed Gastric Artery Chemical Embolization Suppresses Systemic Ghrelin Levels in Porcine Model. Radiology 249: 127-133 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Geliebter, A., Ochner, C. N., Aviram-Friedman, R. (2008). Appetite-Related Gut Peptides in Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2: 305-314 [Abstract]  
• Mark, A. L. (2008). Dietary Therapy for Obesity: An Emperor With No Clothes. Hypertension 51: 1426-1434 [Full Text]  
• Chearskul, S., Delbridge, E., Shulkes, A., Proietto, J., Kriketos, A. (2008). Effect of weight loss and ketosis on postprandial cholecystokinin and free fatty acid concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87: 1238-1246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vincent, R P, le Roux, C W (2008). The satiety hormone peptide YY as a regulator of appetite. J. Clin. Pathol. 61: 548-552 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vergnano, A. M., Ferrini, F., Salio, C., Lossi, L., Baratta, M., Merighi, A. (2008). The Gastrointestinal Hormone Ghrelin Modulates Inhibitory Neurotransmission in Deep Laminae of Mouse Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn. Endocrinology 149: 2306-2312 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mager, U., Kolehmainen, M., de Mello, V. D F, Schwab, U., Laaksonen, D. E, Rauramaa, R., Gylling, H., Atalay, M., Pulkkinen, L., Uusitupa, M. (2008). Expression of ghrelin gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma ghrelin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome.. Eur J Endocrinol 158: 499-510 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bloom, S. R., Kuhajda, F. P., Laher, I., Pi-Sunyer, X., Ronnett, G. V., Tan, T. M.M., Weigle, D. S. (2008). The Obesity Epidemic: Pharmacological Challenges. Mol. Interv. 8: 82-98 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Frecka, J. M., Mattes, R. D. (2008). Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 294: G699-G707 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schwartz, A. R., Patil, S. P., Laffan, A. M., Polotsky, V., Schneider, H., Smith, P. L. (2008). Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Proc Am Thorac Soc 5: 185-192 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bult, M. J F, van Dalen, T., Muller, A. F (2008). Surgical treatment of obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 158: 135-145 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sun, Y., Butte, N. F., Garcia, J. M., Smith, R. G. (2008). Characterization of Adult Ghrelin and Ghrelin Receptor Knockout Mice under Positive and Negative Energy Balance. Endocrinology 149: 843-850 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cummings, D. E., Flum, D. R. (2008). Gastrointestinal Surgery as a Treatment for Diabetes. JAMA 299: 341-343 [Full Text]  
• Taub, L.-F. M., Redeker, N. S. (2008). Sleep Disorders, Glucose Regulation, and Type 2 Diabetes. Biol Res Nurs 9: 231-243 [Abstract]  
• O'Neil, C. E., Nicklas, T. A. (2007). State of the Art Reviews: Relationship Between Diet/ Physical Activity and Health. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 1: 457-481 [Abstract]  
• Barazzoni, R., Zanetti, M., Ferreira, C., Vinci, P., Pirulli, A., Mucci, M., Dore, F., Fonda, M., Ciocchi, B., Cattin, L., Guarnieri, G. (2007). Relationships between Desacylated and Acylated Ghrelin and Insulin Sensitivity in the Metabolic Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 3935-3940 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vicennati, V., Genghini, S., De Iasio, R., Pasqui, F., Pagotto, U., Pasquali, R. (2007). Circulating obestatin levels and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio in obese women. Eur J Endocrinol 157: 295-301 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kasa-Vubu, J. Z., Rosenthal, A., Murdock, E. G., Welch, K. B. (2007). Impact of Fatness, Fitness, and Ethnicity on the Relationship of Nocturnal Ghrelin to 24-Hour Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations in Adolescent Girls. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 3246-3252 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Seoane, L. M., Al-Massadi, O., Caminos, J. E., Tovar, S. A., Dieguez, C., Casanueva, F. F. (2007). Sensory Stimuli Directly Acting at the Central Nervous System Regulate Gastric Ghrelin Secretion. An ex Vivo Organ Culture Study. Endocrinology 148: 3998-4006 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hayes, M. R., Miller, C. K., Ulbrecht, J. S., Mauger, J. L., Parker-Klees, L., Gutschall, M. D., Mitchell, D. C., Smiciklas-Wright, H., Covasa, M. (2007). A Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet Alters Gut Peptides and Adiposity Signals in Men and Women with Metabolic Syndrome. J. Nutr. 137: 1944-1950 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ma, J.-N., Schiffer, H. H., Knapp, A. E., Wang, J., Wong, K. K., Currier, E. A., Owens, M., Nash, N. R., Gardell, L. R., Brann, M. R., Olsson, R., Burstein, E. S. (2007). Identification of the Atypical L-Type Ca2+ Channel Blocker Diltiazem and Its Metabolites As Ghrelin Receptor Agonists. Mol. Pharmacol. 72: 380-386 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2007). Gut Hormones, Obesity, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Malignancy, and Lipodystrophy Syndromes. Diabetes Care 30: 1934-1939 [Full Text]  
• Dokken, B. B., Tsao, T.-S. (2007). The Physiology of Body Weight Regulation: Are We Too Efficient for Our Own Good?. Diabetes Spectr. 20: 166-170 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arepally, A., Barnett, B. P., Montgomery, E., Patel, T. H. (2007). Catheter-directed Gastric Artery Chemical Embolization for Modulation of Systemic Ghrelin Levels in a Porcine Model: Initial Experience. Radiology 244: 138-143 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Broom, D. R., Stensel, D. J., Bishop, N. C., Burns, S. F., Miyashita, M. (2007). Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 102: 2165-2171 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• DeBoer, M. D., Zhu, X. X., Levasseur, P., Meguid, M. M., Suzuki, S., Inui, A., Taylor, J. E., Halem, H. A., Dong, J. Z., Datta, R., Culler, M. D., Marks, D. L. (2007). Ghrelin Treatment Causes Increased Food Intake and Retention of Lean Body Mass in a Rat Model of Cancer Cachexia. Endocrinology 148: 3004-3012 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Piccoli, F., Degen, L., MacLean, C., Peter, S., Baselgia, L., Larsen, F., Beglinger, C., Drewe, J. (2007). Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of an Oral Ghrelin Agonist in Healthy Subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 1814-1820 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Guo, Z.-F., Zheng, X., Qin, Y.-W., Hu, J.-Q., Chen, S.-P., Zhang, Z. (2007). Circulating Preprandial Ghrelin to Obestatin Ratio Is Increased in Human Obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 1875-1880 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Page, A. J., Slattery, J. A., Milte, C., Laker, R., O'Donnell, T., Dorian, C., Brierley, S. M., Blackshaw, L. A. (2007). Ghrelin selectively reduces mechanosensitivity of upper gastrointestinal vagal afferents. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 292: G1376-G1384 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baessler, A., Fischer, M., Mayer, B., Koehler, M., Wiedmann, S., Stark, K., Doering, A., Erdmann, J., Riegger, G., Schunkert, H., Kwitek, A. E., Hengstenberg, C. (2007). Epistatic interaction between haplotypes of the ghrelin ligand and receptor genes influence susceptibility to myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Hum Mol Genet 16: 887-899 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Germain, N., Galusca, B., Le Roux, C. W, Bossu, C., Ghatei, M. A, Lang, F., Bloom, S. R, Estour, B. (2007). Constitutional thinness and lean anorexia nervosa display opposite concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, and leptin. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 967-971 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mottershead, M., Karteris, E., Barclay, J. Y, Suortamo, S., Newbold, M., Randeva, H., Nwokolo, C. U (2007). Immunohistochemical and quantitative mRNA assessment of ghrelin expression in gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 60: 405-409 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Haider, D. G., Schindler, K., Prager, G., Bohdjalian, A., Luger, A., Wolzt, M., Ludvik, B. (2007). Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Is Reduced after Weight Loss in Morbidly Obese Subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 1168-1171 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sun, Y., Garcia, J. M., Smith, R. G. (2007). Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Expression in Mice during Aging. Endocrinology 148: 1323-1329 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Iantorno, M., Chen, H., Kim, J.-a, Tesauro, M., Lauro, D., Cardillo, C., Quon, M. J. (2007). Ghrelin has novel vascular actions that mimic PI 3-kinase-dependent actions of insulin to stimulate production of NO from endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 292: E756-E764 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kraemer, R. R., Castracane, V. D. (2007). Exercise and Humoral Mediators of Peripheral Energy Balance: Ghrelin and Adiponectin. Exp. Biol. Med. 232: 184-194 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mackelvie, K. J., Meneilly, G. S., Elahi, D., Wong, A. C. K., Barr, S. I., Chanoine, J.-P. (2007). Regulation of Appetite in Lean and Obese Adolescents after Exercise: Role of Acylated and Desacyl Ghrelin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92: 648-654 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Perez-Tilve, D., Gonzalez-Matias, L., Alvarez-Crespo, M., Leiras, R., Tovar, S., Dieguez, C., Mallo, F. (2007). Exendin-4 Potently Decreases Ghrelin Levels in Fasting Rats. Diabetes 56: 143-151 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murphy, K. G., Dhillo, W. S., Bloom, S. R. (2006). Gut Peptides in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis. Endocr. Rev. 27: 719-727 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Naslund, E., Kral, J. G. (2006). Impact of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Gut Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 55: S92-S97 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shah, M., Simha, V., Garg, A. (2006). Long-Term Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Body Weight, Comorbidities, and Nutritional Status. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 4223-4231 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Marzullo, P., Caumo, A., Savia, G., Verti, B., Walker, G. E., Maestrini, S., Tagliaferri, A., Di Blasio, A. M., Liuzzi, A. (2006). Predictors of Postabsorptive Ghrelin Secretion after Intake of Different Macronutrients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 4124-4130 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arafat, A. M., Perschel, F. H., Otto, B., Weickert, M. O., Rochlitz, H., Schofl, C., Spranger, J., Mohlig, M., Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2006). Glucagon Suppression of Ghrelin Secretion Is Exerted at Hypothalamus-Pituitary Level. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 3528-3533 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gosman, G. G., Katcher, H. I., Legro, R. S. (2006). Obesity and the role of gut and adipose hormones in female reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 12: 585-601 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zigman, J. M., Elmquist, J. K. (2006). In search of an effective obesity treatment: A shot in the dark or a shot in the arm?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 12961-12962 [Full Text]  
• Chaudhri, O., Small, C., Bloom, S. (2006). Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite. Phil Trans R Soc B 361: 1187-1209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asarian, L., Geary, N. (2006). Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones. Phil Trans R Soc B 361: 1251-1263 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xue, B., Kahn, B. B. (2006). AMPK integrates nutrient and hormonal signals to regulate food intake and energy balance through effects in the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues. J. Physiol. 574: 73-83 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kobelt, P, Helmling, S, Stengel, A, Wlotzka, B, Andresen, V, Klapp, B F, Wiedenmann, B, Klussmann, S, Monnikes, H (2006). Anti-ghrelin Spiegelmer NOX-B11 inhibits neurostimulatory and orexigenic effects of peripheral ghrelin in rats. Gut 55: 788-792 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gelfand, E. V., Cannon, C. P. (2006). Rimonabant: A Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Blocker for Management of Multiple Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. J Am Coll Cardiol 47: 1919-1926 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Day, C., Bailey, C. J (2006). Review: Pharmacological approaches to reduce adiposity. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 6: 121-125 [Abstract]  
• Mingrone, G., Granato, L., Valera-Mora, E., Iaconelli, A., Calvani, M. F, Bracaglia, R., Manco, M., Nanni, G., Castagneto, M. (2006). Ultradian ghrelin pulsatility is disrupted in morbidly obese subjects after weight loss induced by malabsorptive bariatric surgery. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: 1017-1024 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morinigo, R., Moize, V., Musri, M., Lacy, A. M., Navarro, S., Marin, J. L., Delgado, S., Casamitjana, R., Vidal, J. (2006). Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, Peptide YY, Hunger, and Satiety after Gastric Bypass Surgery in Morbidly Obese Subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 1735-1740 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tritos, N. A., Kokkotou, E. G. (2006). The Physiology and Potential Clinical Applications of Ghrelin, a Novel Peptide Hormone. Mayo Clin Proc. 81: 653-660 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Veldhuis, J. D., Roemmich, J. N., Richmond, E. J., Bowers, C. Y. (2006). Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Axes Linkages in Infancy, Childhood, and the Puberty-Adult Transition. Endocr. Rev. 27: 101-140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bouros, D., Tzouvelekis, A., Anevlavis, S., Doris, M., Tryfon, S., Froudarakis, M., Zournatzi, V., Kukuvitis, A. (2006). Smoking acutely increases plasma ghrelin concentrations.. Clin. Chem. 52: 777-778 [Full Text]  
• Haider, D. G., Schindler, K., Schaller, G., Prager, G., Wolzt, M., Ludvik, B. (2006). Increased Plasma Visfatin Concentrations in Morbidly Obese Subjects Are Reduced after Gastric Banding. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 1578-1581 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Owusu-Asiedu, A., Patience, J. F., Laarveld, B., Van Kessel, A. G., Simmins, P. H., Zijlstra, R. T. (2006). Effects of guar gum and cellulose on digesta passage rate, ileal microbial populations, energy and protein digestibility, and performance of grower pigs. J ANIM SCI 84: 843-852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Christ, E. R, Zehnder, M., Boesch, C., Trepp, R., Mullis, P. E, Diem, P., Decombaz, J. (2006). The effect of increased lipid intake on hormonal responses during aerobic exercise in endurance-trained men.. Eur J Endocrinol 154: 397-403 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Romon, M., Gomila, S., Hincker, P., Soudan, B., Dallongeville, J. (2006). Influence of Weight Loss on Plasma Ghrelin Responses to High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate Test Meals in Obese Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 1034-1041 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shearman, L. P., Wang, S.-P., Helmling, S., Stribling, D. S., Mazur, P., Ge, L., Wang, L., Klussmann, S., Macintyre, D. E., Howard, A. D., Strack, A. M. (2006). Ghrelin Neutralization by a Ribonucleic Acid-SPM Ameliorates Obesity in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Endocrinology 147: 1517-1526 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blom, W. A., Lluch, A., Stafleu, A., Vinoy, S., Holst, J. J, Schaafsma, G., Hendriks, H. F. (2006). Effect of a high-protein breakfast on the postprandial ghrelin response. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: 211-220 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Druce, M, Bloom, S R (2006). The regulation of appetite. Arch. Dis. Child. 91: 183-187 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Drazen, D. L., Vahl, T. P., D'Alessio, D. A., Seeley, R. J., Woods, S. C. (2006). Effects of a Fixed Meal Pattern on Ghrelin Secretion: Evidence for a Learned Response Independent of Nutrient Status. Endocrinology 147: 23-30 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Langenberg, C., Bergstrom, J., Laughlin, G. A., Barrett-Connor, E. (2005). Ghrelin and the Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 6448-6453 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tesauro, M., Schinzari, F., Iantorno, M., Rizza, S., Melina, D., Lauro, D., Cardillo, C. (2005). Ghrelin Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. Circulation 112: 2986-2992 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Peeters, T L (2005). Ghrelin: a new player in the control of gastrointestinal functions. Gut 54: 1638-1649 [Full Text]  
• Allison, K. C., Ahima, R. S., O'Reardon, J. P., Dinges, D. F., Sharma, V., Cummings, D. E., Heo, M., Martino, N. S., Stunkard, A. J. (2005). Neuroendocrine Profiles Associated with Energy Intake, Sleep, and Stress in the Night Eating Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 6214-6217 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Koutkia, P., Schurgin, S., Berry, J., Breu, J., Lee, B. S. H., Klibanski, A., Grinspoon, S. (2005). Reciprocal changes in endogenous ghrelin and growth hormone during fasting in healthy women. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 289: E814-E822 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vestergaard, E T, Hansen, T K, Nielsen, S, Moller, N, Christiansen, J S, Jorgensen, J O L (2005). Effects of GH replacement therapy in adults on serum levels of leptin and ghrelin: the role of lipolysis. Eur J Endocrinol 153: 545-549 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stanley, S., Wynne, K., McGowan, B., Bloom, S. (2005). Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake. Physiol. Rev. 85: 1131-1158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chang, C.-C., Hung, C.-H., Yen, C.-S., Hwang, K.-L., Lin, C.-Y. (2005). The relationship of plasma ghrelin level to energy regulation, feeding and left ventricular function in non-diabetic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20: 2172-2177 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arafat, M A, Otto, B, Rochlitz, H, Tschop, M, Bahr, V, Mohlig, M, Diederich, S, Spranger, J, Pfeiffer, A F H (2005). Glucagon inhibits ghrelin secretion in humans. Eur J Endocrinol 153: 397-402 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Suematsu, M., Katsuki, A., Sumida, Y., Gabazza, E. C, Murashima, S., Matsumoto, K., Kitagawa, N., Akatsuka, H., Hori, Y., Nakatani, K., Togashi, K., Yano, Y., Adachi, Y. (2005). Decreased circulating levels of active ghrelin are associated with increased oxidative stress in obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 153: 403-407 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choe, Y. H., Song, S. Y., Paik, K.-H., Oh, Y. J., Chu, S.-H., Yeo, S. H., Kwon, E. K., Kim, E. M., Rha, M. Y., Jin, D.-K. (2005). Increased Density of Ghrelin-Expressing Cells in the Gastric Fundus and Body in Prader-Willi Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 5441-5445 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Daousi, C., MacFarlane, I. A., English, P. J., Wilding, J. P. H., Patterson, M., Dovey, T. M., Halford, J. C. G., Ghatei, M. A., Pinkney, J. H. (2005). Is There a Role for Ghrelin and Peptide-YY in the Pathogenesis of Obesity in Adults with Acquired Structural Hypothalamic Damage?. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 5025-5030 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moran, L. J., Luscombe-Marsh, N. D., Noakes, M., Wittert, G. A., Keogh, J. B., Clifton, P. M. (2005). The Satiating Effect of Dietary Protein Is Unrelated to Postprandial Ghrelin Secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 5205-5211 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Layman, D. K., Evans, E., Baum, J. I., Seyler, J., Erickson, D. J., Boileau, R. A. (2005). Dietary Protein and Exercise Have Additive Effects on Body Composition during Weight Loss in Adult Women. J. Nutr. 135: 1903-1910 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cummings, D. E. (2005). Gastric Bypass and Nesidioblastosis -- Too Much of a Good Thing for Islets?. NEJM 353: 300-302 [Full Text]  
• Wu, M.-S., Lee, W.-J., Wang, H.-H., Huang, S.-P., Lin, J.-T. (2005). A Case-Control Study of Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection With Morbid Obesity in Taiwan. Arch Intern Med 165: 1552-1555 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gimenez-Palop, O., Gimenez-Perez, G., Mauricio, D., Berlanga, E., Potau, N., Vilardell, C., Arroyo, J., Gonzalez-Clemente, J.-M., Caixas, A. (2005). Circulating ghrelin in thyroid dysfunction is related to insulin resistance and not to hunger, food intake or anthropometric changes. Eur J Endocrinol 153: 73-79 [Abstract] [Full Text]