Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery
David E. Cummings, M.D., David S. Weigle, M.D., R. Scott Frayo, B.S., Patricia A. Breen, B.S.N., Marina K. Ma, E. Patchen Dellinger, M.D., and Jonathan Q. Purnell, M.D.
Background Weight loss causes changes in appetite and energyexpenditure that promote weight regain. Ghrelin is a hormonethat increases food intake in rodents and humans. If circulatingghrelin participates in the adaptive response to weight loss,its levels should rise with dieting. Because ghrelin is producedprimarily by the stomach, weight loss after gastric bypass surgerymay be accompanied by impaired ghrelin secretion.
Methods We determined the 24-hour plasma ghrelin profiles, bodycomposition, insulin levels, leptin levels, and insulin sensitivityin 13 obese subjects before and after a six-month dietary programfor weight loss. The 24-hour ghrelin profiles were also determinedin 5 subjects who had lost weight after gastric bypass and 10normal-weight controls; 5 of the 13 obese subjects who participatedin the dietary program were matched to the subjects in the gastric-bypassgroup and served as obese controls.
Results Plasma ghrelin levels rose sharply shortly before andfell shortly after every meal. A diet-induced weight loss of17 percent of initial body weight was associated with a 24 percentincrease in the area under the curve for the 24-hour ghrelinprofile (P=0.006). In contrast, despite a 36 percent weightloss after gastric bypass, the area under the curve for theghrelin profile in the gastric-bypass group was 77 percent lowerthan in normal-weight controls (P<0.001) and 72 percent lowerthan in matched obese controls (P=0.01). The normal, meal-relatedfluctuations and diurnal rhythm of the ghrelin level were absentafter gastric bypass.
Conclusions The increase in the plasma ghrelin level with diet-inducedweight loss is consistent with the hypothesis that ghrelin hasa role in the long-term regulation of body weight. Gastric bypassis associated with markedly suppressed ghrelin levels, possiblycontributing to the weight-reducing effect of the procedure.
Source Information
From the Departments of Medicine (D.E.C., D.S.W., R.S.F., P.A.B., M.K.M.) and Surgery (E.P.D.), University of Washington; the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (D.E.C., R.S.F., M.K.M.); the Harborview Medical Center (D.S.W., P.A.B.); and University Hospital (E.P.D.) — all in Seattle; and the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (J.Q.P.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Cummings at the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Div., 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-111-Endo, Seattle, WA 98108, or at davidec{at}u.washington.edu.
Weight Loss and Plasma Ghrelin Levels
Rubino F., Gagner M., Camilleri M., Cremonini F., Geliebter A., Cummings D. E., Purnell J. Q., Weigle D. S.
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N Engl J Med 2002;
347:1379-1381, Oct 24, 2002.
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Daniels, S. R., Arnett, D. K., Eckel, R. H., Gidding, S. S., Hayman, L. L., Kumanyika, S., Robinson, T. N., Scott, B. J., St. Jeor, S., Williams, C. L.
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Popovic, V., Miljic, D., Pekic, S., Pesko, P., Djurovic, M., Doknic, M., Damjanovic, S., Micic, D., Cvijovic, G., Glodic, J., Dieguez, C., Casanueva, F. F.
(2005). Low Plasma Ghrelin Level in Gastrectomized Patients Is Accompanied by Enhanced Sensitivity to the Ghrelin-Induced Growth Hormone Release. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
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Stock, S., Leichner, P., Wong, A. C. K., Ghatei, M. A., Kieffer, T. J., Bloom, S. R., Chanoine, J.-P.
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Rubino, F., Zizzari, P., Tomasetto, C., Bluet-Pajot, M.-T., Forgione, A., Vix, M., Grouselle, D., Marescaux, J.
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Badman, M. K., Flier, J. S.
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De Vriese, C., Gregoire, F., De Neef, P., Robberecht, P., Delporte, C.
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Granado, M., Priego, T., Martin, A. I., Villanua, M. A., Lopez-Calderon, A.
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288: E486-E492
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Blom, W. A., Stafleu, A., de Graaf, C., Kok, F. J, Schaafsma, G., Hendriks, H. F.
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Espelund, U., Hansen, T. K., Hojlund, K., Beck-Nielsen, H., Clausen, J. T., Hansen, B. S., Orskov, H., Jorgensen, J. O. L., Frystyk, J.
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