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In 1985, Norman Daniels published Just Health Care, which articulated the first useful, nonutilitarian ethical principle for distributing health care resources. Daniels claimed that health care was important because it helped to ensure "normal human functioning," which in turn enhances people's opportunities to pursue their life plans. In Daniels's view, a just health care system tries "to make sure that individuals maintain normal functioning, where possible" an ethically valuable way to ensure equality of opportunity.
Although Daniels's fair-opportunity principle was an important advance, it became clear that it had problems. First, it appeared to justify the provision of almost
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