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Parkinson's disease affects about a million people in the United States, a number that will increase as the population ages. It has been a force in the transformation of neurology from a specialty restricted to diagnosis into one with active therapies. It is at the center of controversies about stem-cell therapy, gene therapy, and sham surgery on the brain. Neurosurgical treatments have progressed from destructive lesions of the basal ganglia to stimulation of the thalamus and subthalamus. Gene therapy and the taming of programmed cell death (apoptosis) are therapeutic targets. Almost all the progress in this field has been made
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