FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 347:385-394 August 8, 2002 Number 6 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Editorial by Hirsch, M. S. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Among persons in North America who are newly infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the prevalence of transmitted resistance to antiretroviral drugs has been estimated at 1 to 11 percent.

Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs before treatment and drug-resistance mutations in HIV in plasma samples from 377 subjects with primary HIV infection who had not yet received treatment and who were identified between May 1995 and June 2000 in 10 North American cities. Responses to treatment could be evaluated in 202 subjects.

Results Over the five-year period, the frequency of transmitted drug resistance increased significantly. The frequency of high-level resistance to one or more drugs (indicated by a value of more than 10 for the ratio of the 50 percent inhibitory concentration [IC₅₀] for the subject's virus to the IC₅₀ for a drug-sensitive reference virus) increased from 3.4 percent during the period from 1995 to 1998 to 12.4 percent during the period from 1999 to 2000 (P=0.002), and the frequency of multidrug resistance increased from 1.1 percent to 6.2 percent (P=0.01). The frequency of resistance mutations detected by sequence analysis increased from 8.0 percent to 22.7 percent (P<0.001), and the frequency of multidrug resistance detected by sequence analysis increased from 3.8 percent to 10.2 percent (P=0.05). Among subjects infected with drug-resistant virus, the time to viral suppression after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy was longer (P=0.05), and the time to virologic failure was shorter (P=0.05).

Conclusions The proportion of new HIV infections that involve drug-resistant virus is increasing in North America. Initial antiretroviral therapy is more likely to fail in patients who are infected with drug-resistant virus. Testing for resistance to drugs before therapy begins is now indicated even for recently infected patients.

Source Information

From the Departments of Medicine (S.J.L., D.D.R.) and Pathology (D.D.R.), University of California–San Diego, San Diego; the Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (S.H., L.W.) and the Department of Medicine (A.C.C.), University of Washington, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal (J.-P.R.); the Department of Medicine, Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Calif. (E.S.D.); the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York (M.M.); the Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (R.A.K.); the Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.W.M.); the Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver (E.C.); the Department of Pharmacology and Medical Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (B.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.K.); ViroLogic, South San Francisco, Calif. (J.M.W., N.S.H.); and the Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, Calif. (D.D.R.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Little at the UCSD Antiviral Research Center, 150 W. Washington St., Ste. 100, San Diego, CA 92103, or at slittle{at}ucsd.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Drug Resistance among Patients Recently Infected with HIV
Epstein B. J., Little S. J., Richman D. D.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1889-1890, Dec 5, 2002. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Jallow, S., Alabi, A., Sarge-Njie, R., Peterson, K., Whittle, H., Corrah, T., Jaye, A., Cotten, M., Vanham, G., McConkey, S. J., Rowland-Jones, S., Janssens, W. (2009). Virological Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) and in Patients Dually Infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia and Emergence of Drug-Resistant Variants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 2200-2208 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Herrera, C., Cranage, M., McGowan, I., Anton, P., Shattock, R. J. (2009). Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors as Potential Colorectal Microbicides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 1797-1807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• James, C. W., Moffett, L. E., Szabo, S. (2009). Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral-Naive Individuals. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 8: 193-195 [Abstract]  
• Gifford, R. J., Liu, T. F., Rhee, S.-Y., Kiuchi, M., Hue, S., Pillay, D., Shafer, R. W. (2009). The calibrated population resistance tool: standardized genotypic estimation of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance. Bioinformatics 25: 1197-1198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ingallinella, P., Bianchi, E., Ladwa, N. A., Wang, Y.-J., Hrin, R., Veneziano, M., Bonelli, F., Ketas, T. J., Moore, J. P., Miller, M. D., Pessi, A. (2009). Addition of a cholesterol group to an HIV-1 peptide fusion inhibitor dramatically increases its antiviral potency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 5801-5806 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hue, S., Gifford, R. J., Dunn, D., Fernhill, E., Pillay, D., on Behalf of the UK Collaborative Group on HIV Dru, (2009). Demonstration of Sustained Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Lineages Circulating among Treatment-Naive Individuals. J. Virol. 83: 2645-2654 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Koh, Y., Das, D., Leschenko, S., Nakata, H., Ogata-Aoki, H., Amano, M., Nakayama, M., Ghosh, A. K., Mitsuya, H. (2009). GRL-02031, a Novel Nonpeptidic Protease Inhibitor (PI) Containing a Stereochemically Defined Fused Cyclopentanyltetrahydrofuran Potent against Multi-PI-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 997-1006 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Heredia, A., Latinovic, O., Gallo, R. C., Melikyan, G., Reitz, M., Le, N., Redfield, R. R. (2008). Reduction of CCR5 with low-dose rapamycin enhances the antiviral activity of vicriviroc against both sensitive and drug-resistant HIV-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 20476-20481 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huang, F., Koenen-Bergmann, M., MacGregor, T. R., Ring, A., Hattox, S., Robinson, P. (2008). Pharmacokinetic and Safety Evaluation of BILR 355, a Second-Generation Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, in Healthy Volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 4300-4307 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Li, N., Wang, Y., Pothukuchy, A., Syrett, A., Husain, N., Gopalakrisha, S., Kosaraju, P., Ellington, A. D. (2008). Aptamers that recognize drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Nucleic Acids Res 36: 6739-6751 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mitsuya, Y., Varghese, V., Wang, C., Liu, T. F., Holmes, S. P., Jayakumar, P., Gharizadeh, B., Ronaghi, M., Klein, D., Fessel, W. J., Shafer, R. W. (2008). Minority Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants in Antiretroviral-Naive Persons with Reverse Transcriptase Codon 215 Revertant Mutations. J. Virol. 82: 10747-10755 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jones, R., Nelson, M., Bower, M., Powles, T., Mandalia, S., Gazzard, B., Stebbing, J. (2008). Triple-Class Antiretroviral Agent Resistance in a Large Cohort: Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes. Arch Intern Med 168: 1926-1927 [Full Text]  
• Derache, A., Maiga, A.-I., Traore, O., Akonde, A., Cisse, M., Jarrousse, B., Koita, V., Diarra, B., Carcelain, G., Barin, F., Pizzocolo, C., Pizarro, L., Katlama, C., Calvez, V., Marcelin, A.-G. (2008). Evolution of genetic diversity and drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 among untreated patients from Mali between 2005 and 2006. J Antimicrob Chemother 62: 456-463 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wenning, L. A., Friedman, E. J., Kost, J. T., Breidinger, S. A., Stek, J. E., Lasseter, K. C., Gottesdiener, K. M., Chen, J., Teppler, H., Wagner, J. A., Stone, J. A., Iwamoto, M. (2008). Lack of a Significant Drug Interaction between Raltegravir and Tenofovir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 3253-3258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Little, S. J., Frost, S. D. W., Wong, J. K., Smith, D. M., Pond, S. L. K., Ignacio, C. C., Parkin, N. T., Petropoulos, C. J., Richman, D. D. (2008). Persistence of Transmitted Drug Resistance among Subjects with Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J. Virol. 82: 5510-5518 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Allen, T. M., Altfeld, M. (2008). Crippling HIV one mutation at a time. JEM 205: 1003-1007 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Perez, C. L., Larsen, M. V., Gustafsson, R., Norstrom, M. M., Atlas, A., Nixon, D. F., Nielsen, M., Lund, O., Karlsson, A. C. (2008). Broadly Immunogenic HLA Class I Supertype-Restricted Elite CTL Epitopes Recognized in a Diverse Population Infected with Different HIV-1 Subtypes. J. Immunol. 180: 5092-5100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ambrose, Z., Palmer, S., Boltz, V. F., Kearney, M., Larsen, K., Polacino, P., Flanary, L., Oswald, K., Piatak, M. Jr., Smedley, J., Shao, W., Bischofberger, N., Maldarelli, F., Kimata, J. T., Mellors, J. W., Hu, S.-L., Coffin, J. M., Lifson, J. D., KewalRamani, V. N. (2007). Suppression of Viremia and Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance in a Macaque Model for Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 81: 12145-12155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dandache, S., Sevigny, G., Yelle, J., Stranix, B. R., Parkin, N., Schapiro, J. M., Wainberg, M. A., Wu, J. J. (2007). In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Cross-Resistance Profile of PL-100, a Novel Protease Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 4036-4043 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dykes, C., Demeter, L. M. (2007). Clinical Significance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Fitness. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20: 550-578 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sagir, A., Oette, M., Kaiser, R., Daumer, M., Fatkenheuer, G., Rockstroh, J. K., Knechten, H., Schmutz, G., Hower, M., Emmelkamp, J., Pfister, H., Haussinger, D., on behalf of the RESINA Study Team, (2007). Trends of prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 60: 843-848 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Taiwo, B. O., Murphy, R. (2007). Transmitted Resistance: An Overview and Its Potential Relevance to the Management of HIV-Infected Persons in Resource-Limited Settings. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 6: 188-197 [Abstract]  
• Hoffmann, C., Minkah, N., Leipzig, J., Wang, G., Arens, M. Q., Tebas, P., Bushman, F. D. (2007). DNA bar coding and pyrosequencing to identify rare HIV drug resistance mutations. Nucleic Acids Res 35: e91-e91 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sarkar, I., Hauber, I., Hauber, J., Buchholz, F. (2007). HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase. Science 316: 1912-1915 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chinnadurai, R., Rajan, D., Munch, J., Kirchhoff, F. (2007). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Resistant to First- and Second-Version Fusion Inhibitors and Cytopathic in Ex Vivo Human Lymphoid Tissue. J. Virol. 81: 6563-6572 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Amano, M., Koh, Y., Das, D., Li, J., Leschenko, S., Wang, Y.-F., Boross, P. I., Weber, I. T., Ghosh, A. K., Mitsuya, H. (2007). A Novel Bis-Tetrahydrofuranylurethane-Containing Nonpeptidic Protease Inhibitor (PI), GRL-98065, Is Potent against Multiple-PI-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 2143-2155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parisi, S. G., Boldrin, C., Cruciani, M., Nicolini, G., Cerbaro, I., Manfrin, V., Dal Bello, F., Franchin, E., Franzetti, M., Rossi, M. C., Cattelan, A. M., Romano, L., Zazzi, M., Andreoni, M., Palu, G. (2007). Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cellular DNA Sequencing and Plasma RNA Sequencing Are Useful for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Blood Samples from Antiretroviral-Drug-Naive Patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 1783-1788 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Booth, C. L., Geretti, A. M. (2007). Prevalence and determinants of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 1047-1056 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hombrouck, A., Hantson, A., van Remoortel, B., Michiels, M., Vercammen, J., Rhodes, D., Tetz, V., Engelborghs, Y., Christ, F., Debyser, Z., Witvrouw, M. (2007). Selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance against the pyranodipyrimidine V-165 points to a multimodal mechanism of action. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 1084-1095 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Held, D. M., Kissel, J. D., Thacker, S. J., Michalowski, D., Saran, D., Ji, J., Hardy, R. W., Rossi, J. J., Burke, D. H. (2007). Cross-Clade Inhibition of Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz Reverse Transcriptases by RNA Pseudoknot Aptamers. J. Virol. 81: 5375-5384 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Mendoza, C., Rodriguez, C., Garcia, F., Eiros, J. M., Ruiz, L., Caballero, E., Aguilera, A., Leiva, P., Colomina, J., Gutierrez, F., del Romero, J., Aguero, J., Soriano, V., on behalf of the Spanish HIV Seroconverter Study G, (2007). Prevalence of X4 tropic viruses in patients recently infected with HIV-1 and lack of association with transmission of drug resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 698-704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ray, N., Harrison, J. E., Blackburn, L. A., Martin, J. N., Deeks, S. G., Doms, R. W. (2007). Clinical Resistance to Enfuvirtide Does Not Affect Susceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to Other Classes of Entry Inhibitors. J. Virol. 81: 3240-3250 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Booth, C. L., Garcia-Diaz, A. M., Youle, M. S., Johnson, M. A., Phillips, A., Geretti, A. M. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of antiretroviral drug resistance in newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 59: 517-524 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fang, C.T., Chang, Y.Y., Hsu, H.M., Twu, S.J., Chen, K.T., Lin, C.C., Huang, L.Y.L., Chen, M.Y., Hwang, J.S., Wang, J.D., Chuang, C.Y. (2007). Life expectancy of patients with newly-diagnosed HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. QJM 100: 97-105 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hurwitz, B. E., Klaus, J. R., Llabre, M. M., Gonzalez, A., Lawrence, P. J., Maher, K. J., Greeson, J. M., Baum, M. K., Shor-Posner, G., Skyler, J. S., Schneiderman, N. (2007). Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Load With Selenium Supplementation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Intern Med 167: 148-154 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roulet, V., Satie, A.-P., Ruffault, A., Tortorec, A. L., Denis, H., Guist'hau, O., Patard, J.-J., Rioux-Leclerq, N., Gicquel, J., Jegou, B., Dejucq-Rainsford, N. (2006). Susceptibility of Human Testis to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection in Situ and in Vitro. Am. J. Pathol. 169: 2094-2103 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• (2006). Investigation of a New Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant, Dual-Tropic HIV-1 Infection--New York City, 2005. JAMA 296: 1226-1228 [Full Text]  
• Kehlenbeck, S., Betz, U., Birkmann, A., Fast, B., Goller, A. H., Henninger, K., Lowinger, T., Marrero, D., Paessens, A., Paulsen, D., Pevzner, V., Schohe-Loop, R., Tsujishita, H., Welker, R., Kreuter, J., Rubsamen-Waigmann, H., Dittmer, F. (2006). Dihydroxythiophenes Are Novel Potent Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase with a Diketo Acid-Like Pharmacophore. J. Virol. 80: 6883-6894 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hu, Z., Giguel, F., Hatano, H., Reid, P., Lu, J., Kuritzkes, D. R. (2006). Fitness Comparison of Thymidine Analog Resistance Pathways in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 80: 7020-7027 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Deeks, S. G (2006). Antiretroviral treatment of HIV infected adults.. BMJ 332: 1489-1489 [Full Text]  
• Fletcher, S., Hamilton, A. D (2006). Targeting protein-protein interactions by rational design: mimicry of protein surfaces. J R Soc Interface 3: 215-233 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ho, H.-T., Fan, L., Nowicka-Sans, B., McAuliffe, B., Li, C.-B., Yamanaka, G., Zhou, N., Fang, H., Dicker, I., Dalterio, R., Gong, Y.-F., Wang, T., Yin, Z., Ueda, Y., Matiskella, J., Kadow, J., Clapham, P., Robinson, J., Colonno, R., Lin, P.-F. (2006). Envelope conformational changes induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 attachment inhibitors prevent CD4 binding and downstream entry events.. J. Virol. 80: 4017-4025 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gu, Z., Allard, B., de Muys, J. M., Lippens, J., Rando, R. F., Nguyen-Ba, N., Ren, C., McKenna, P., Taylor, D. L., Bethell, R. C. (2006). In Vitro Antiretroviral Activity and In Vitro Toxicity Profile of SPD754, a New Deoxycytidine Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 625-631 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• UK Group on Transmitted HIV Drug Resistance, (2005). Time trends in primary resistance to HIV drugs in the United Kingdom: multicentre observational study. BMJ 331: 1368- [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Didierjean, J., Isel, C., Querre, F., Mouscadet, J.-F., Aubertin, A.-M., Valnot, J.-Y., Piettre, S. R., Marquet, R. (2005). Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase, RNase H, and Integrase Activities by Hydroxytropolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 4884-4894 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Frieden, T. R. (2005). The New York Case: Lessons Being Learned. ANN INTERN MED 143: 760-760 [Full Text]  
• Dorr, P., Westby, M., Dobbs, S., Griffin, P., Irvine, B., Macartney, M., Mori, J., Rickett, G., Smith-Burchnell, C., Napier, C., Webster, R., Armour, D., Price, D., Stammen, B., Wood, A., Perros, M. (2005). Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a Potent, Orally Bioavailable, and Selective Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 with Broad-Spectrum Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 4721-4732 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hammer, S. M. (2005). Clinical practice. Management of newly diagnosed HIV infection.. NEJM 353: 1702-1710 [Full Text]  
• Cao, J., Isaacson, J., Patick, A. K., Blair, W. S. (2005). High-Throughput Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Full Replication Assay That Includes HIV-1 Vif as an Antiviral Target. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3833-3841 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ceccherini-Silberstein, F., Gago, F., Santoro, M., Gori, C., Svicher, V., Rodriguez-Barrios, F., d'Arrigo, R., Ciccozzi, M., Bertoli, A., Monforte, A. d., Balzarini, J., Antinori, A., Perno, C.-F. (2005). High Sequence Conservation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase under Drug Pressure despite the Continuous Appearance of Mutations. J. Virol. 79: 10718-10729 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Volberding, P. A. (2005). The New York Case: Lessons Being Learned. ANN INTERN MED 142: 866-868 [Full Text]  
• Reeves, J. D., Lee, F.-H., Miamidian, J. L., Jabara, C. B., Juntilla, M. M., Doms, R. W. (2005). Enfuvirtide Resistance Mutations: Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Function, Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity, and Virus Neutralization. J. Virol. 79: 4991-4999 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ambrose, Z., Boltz, V., Palmer, S., Coffin, J. M., Hughes, S. H., KewalRamani, V. N. (2004). In Vitro Characterization of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Chimera Expressing HIV Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase To Study Antiviral Resistance in Pigtail Macaques. J. Virol. 78: 13553-13561 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Elford, J, Bolding, G, Davis, M, Sherr, L, Hart, G (2004). Trends in sexual behaviour among London homosexual men 1998-2003: implications for HIV prevention and sexual health promotion. Sex. Transm. Infect. 80: 451-454 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cox, J, Beauchemin, J, Allard, R (2004). HIV status of sexual partners is more important than antiretroviral treatment related perceptions for risk taking by HIV positive MSM in Montreal, Canada. Sex. Transm. Infect. 80: 518-523 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baldwin, C. E., Sanders, R. W., Deng, Y., Jurriaans, S., Lange, J. M., Lu, M., Berkhout, B. (2004). Emergence of a Drug-Dependent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variant during Therapy with the T20 Fusion Inhibitor. J. Virol. 78: 12428-12437 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anderson, P. L (2004). Pharmacologic Perspectives for Once-Daily Antiretroviral Therapy. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 38: 1924-1934 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hazuda, D. J., Anthony, N. J., Gomez, R. P., Jolly, S. M., Wai, J. S., Zhuang, L., Fisher, T. E., Embrey, M., Guare, J. P. Jr., Egbertson, M. S., Vacca, J. P., Huff, J. R., Felock, P. J., Witmer, M. V., Stillmock, K. A., Danovich, R., Grobler, J., Miller, M. D., Espeseth, A. S., Jin, L., Chen, I-W., Lin, J. H., Kassahun, K., Ellis, J. D., Wong, B. K., Xu, W., Pearson, P. G., Schleif, W. A., Cortese, R., Emini, E., Summa, V., Holloway, M. K., Young, S. D. (2004). From the Cover: A naphthyridine carboxamide provides evidence for discordant resistance between mechanistically identical inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 11233-11238 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ellis, G. M., Mahalanabis, M., Beck, I. A., Pepper, G., Wright, A., Hamilton, S., Holte, S., Naugler, W. E., Pawluk, D. M., Li, C.-C., Frenkel, L. M. (2004). Comparison of Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay and Consensus Sequencing for Detection of Drug-Resistant Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Plasma. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 3670-3674 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hazuda, D. J., Young, S. D., Guare, J. P., Anthony, N. J., Gomez, R. P., Wai, J. S., Vacca, J. P., Handt, L., Motzel, S. L., Klein, H. J., Dornadula, G., Danovich, R. M., Witmer, M. V., Wilson, K. A. A., Tussey, L., Schleif, W. A., Gabryelski, L. S., Jin, L., Miller, M. D., Casimiro, D. R., Emini, E. A., Shiver, J. W. (2004). Integrase Inhibitors and Cellular Immunity Suppress Retroviral Replication in Rhesus Macaques. Science 305: 528-532 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Garcia-Lerma, J. G., MacInnes, H., Bennett, D., Weinstock, H., Heneine, W. (2004). Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Carrying the D67N or K219Q/E Mutation Evolves Rapidly to Zidovudine Resistance In Vitro and Shows a High Replicative Fitness in the Presence of Zidovudine. J. Virol. 78: 7545-7552 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lu, X., Yu, Q., Binder, G. K., Chen, Z., Slepushkina, T., Rossi, J., Dropulic, B. (2004). Antisense-Mediated Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Replication by Use of an HIV Type 1-Based Vector Results in Severely Attenuated Mutants Incapable of Developing Resistance. J. Virol. 78: 7079-7088 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Grusky, O., Duan, N., Swanson, A.-N., Woodbridge, M., Leich, J. (2004). Evaluating the Accessibility of HIV Testing Organizations. Eval Health Prof 27: 189-205 [Abstract]  
• Reeves, J. D., Miamidian, J. L., Biscone, M. J., Lee, F.-H., Ahmad, N., Pierson, T. C., Doms, R. W. (2004). Impact of Mutations in the Coreceptor Binding Site on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Fusion, Infection, and Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity. J. Virol. 78: 5476-5485 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bangsberg, D. R., Moss, A. R., Deeks, S. G. (2004). Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 696-699 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gulick, R. M., Ribaudo, H. J., Shikuma, C. M., Lustgarten, S., Squires, K. E., Meyer, W. A. III, Acosta, E. P., Schackman, B. R., Pilcher, C. D., Murphy, R. L., Maher, W. E., Witt, M. D., Reichman, R. C., Snyder, S., Klingman, K. L., Kuritzkes, D. R., the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5095 Team, (2004). Triple-Nucleoside Regimens versus Efavirenz-Containing Regimens for the Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection. NEJM 350: 1850-1861 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Richman, D. D. (2004). Benefits and limitations of testing for resistance to HIV drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 555-557 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Clavel, F., Hance, A. J. (2004). HIV Drug Resistance. NEJM 350: 1023-1035 [Full Text]  
• Leigh Brown, A. J., Frost, S. D. W., Good, B., Daar, E. S., Simon, V., Markowitz, M., Collier, A. C., Connick, E., Conway, B., Margolick, J. B., Routy, J.-P., Corbeil, J., Hellmann, N. S., Richman, D. D., Little, S. J. (2004). Genetic Basis of Hypersusceptibility to Protease Inhibitors and Low Replicative Capacity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains in Primary Infection. J. Virol. 78: 2242-2246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Scott, P., Arnold, E., Evans, B., Pozniak, A., Moyle, G., Shahmenesh, M., White, D., Shirley, J., Cane, P., Pillay, D. (2004). Surveillance of HIV antiretroviral drug resistance in treated individuals in England: 1998-2000. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 469-473 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Parkin, N. T., Hellmann, N. S., Whitcomb, J. M., Kiss, L., Chappey, C., Petropoulos, C. J. (2004). Natural Variation of Drug Susceptibility in Wild-Type Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 437-443 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stevens, W., Kaye, S., Corrah, T. (2004). Antiretroviral therapy in Africa. BMJ 328: 280-282 [Full Text]  
• Spira, S. C., Wainberg, M. A. (2004). Jewish Religious Ethics Mandate Access to Antiretroviral Drugs in Developing Countries. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 3: 7-11 [Abstract]  
• Li, F., Goila-Gaur, R., Salzwedel, K., Kilgore, N. R., Reddick, M., Matallana, C., Castillo, A., Zoumplis, D., Martin, D. E., Orenstein, J. M., Allaway, G. P., Freed, E. O., Wild, C. T. (2003). PA-457: A potent HIV inhibitor that disrupts core condensation by targeting a late step in Gag processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 13555-13560 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Katzenstein, D. A. (2003). Genotype, Phenotype, and Virtual Phenotype: Who Needs What and Why?. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 2: 140-146  
• Koh, Y., Nakata, H., Maeda, K., Ogata, H., Bilcer, G., Devasamudram, T., Kincaid, J. F., Boross, P., Wang, Y.-F., Tie, Y., Volarath, P., Gaddis, L., Harrison, R. W., Weber, I. T., Ghosh, A. K., Mitsuya, H. (2003). Novel bis-Tetrahydrofuranylurethane-Containing Nonpeptidic Protease Inhibitor (PI) UIC-94017 (TMC114) with Potent Activity against Multi-PI-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3123-3129 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Guo, Q., Ho, H.-T., Dicker, I., Fan, L., Zhou, N., Friborg, J., Wang, T., McAuliffe, B. V., Wang, H.-g. H., Rose, R. E., Fang, H., Scarnati, H. T., Langley, D. R., Meanwell, N. A., Abraham, R., Colonno, R. J., Lin, P.-f. (2003). Biochemical and Genetic Characterizations of a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibitor That Blocks gp120-CD4 Interactions. J. Virol. 77: 10528-10536 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lin, P.-F., Blair, W., Wang, T., Spicer, T., Guo, Q., Zhou, N., Gong, Y.-F., Wang, H.-G. H., Rose, R., Yamanaka, G., Robinson, B., Li, C.-B., Fridell, R., Deminie, C., Demers, G., Yang, Z., Zadjura, L., Meanwell, N., Colonno, R. (2003). From the Cover: A small molecule HIV-1 inhibitor that targets the HIV-1 envelope and inhibits CD4 receptor binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 11013-11018 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Simon, V., Padte, N., Murray, D., Vanderhoeven, J., Wrin, T., Parkin, N., Di Mascio, M., Markowitz, M. (2003). Infectivity and Replication Capacity of Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Isolated during Primary Infection. J. Virol. 77: 7736-7745 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Reynolds, S. J., Bartlett, J. G., Quinn, T. C., Beyrer, C., Bollinger, R. C. (2003). Antiretroviral Therapy Where Resources Are Limited. NEJM 348: 1806-1809 [Full Text]  
• Grant, R. M., Kuritzkes, D. R., Johnson, V. A., Mellors, J. W., Sullivan, J. L., Swanstrom, R., D'Aquila, R. T., Van Gorder, M., Holodniy, M., Lloyd, R. M. Jr., Reid, C., Morgan, G. F., Winslow, D. L. (2003). Accuracy of the TRUGENE HIV-1 Genotyping Kit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1586-1593 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jagodzinski, L. L., Cooley, J. D., Weber, M., Michael, N. L. (2003). Performance Characteristics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Genotyping Systems in Sequence-Based Analysis of Subtypes Other than HIV-1 Subtype B. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 998-1003 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Piliero, P. J. (2003). Early Factors in Successful Anti-HIV Treatment. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) 2: 10-20 [Abstract]  
• Epstein, B. J., Little, S. J., Richman, D. D. (2002). Drug Resistance among Patients Recently Infected with HIV. NEJM 347: 1889-1890 [Full Text]  
• Kitabwalla, M., Ruprecht, R. M. (2002). RNA Interference -- A New Weapon against HIV and Beyond. NEJM 347: 1364-1367 [Full Text]  
• (2002). More on Transmission of Drug-Resistant Virus. AIDS Clin Care 2002: 3-3 [Full Text]  
• Tanne, J. H. (2002). Drug resistant HIV increasing in North America. BMJ 325: 408-408 [Full Text]  
• (2002). Transmission of Resistant HIV on the Rise. JWatch Infect. Diseases 2002: 4-4 [Full Text]  
• (2002). Mounting Rates of Drug Resistance in New HIV Infections. JWatch General 2002: 1-1 [Full Text]  
• Hirsch, M. S. (2002). HIV Drug Resistance -- A Chink in the Armor. NEJM 347: 438-439 [Full Text]