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Only over the past quarter-century have we come to appreciate the extreme, diverse, and persistent stresses associated with surgery. They can last from days to months and affect nearly every organ. The patients who are most susceptible to these stresses are older patients with atherosclerosis, who are least likely to be able to tolerate precipitous alterations in blood flow, excitotoxic stimuli, inflammation, reperfusion phenomena, and the traumatic assault of surgery. Since one of the organs that is the least resistant to such perioperative stress is the heart, we must regularly revise tactics and strategies for the estimated 35 million high-risk
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