It is well recognized that different patients respond in differentways to the same medication. These differences are often greateramong members of a population than they are within the sameperson at different times (or between monozygotic twins).1 Theexistence of large population differences with small intrapatientvariability is consistent with inheritance as a determinantof drug response; it is estimated that genetics can accountfor 20 to 95 percent of variability in drug disposition andeffects.2 Although many nongenetic factors influence the effectsof medications, including age, organ function, concomitant therapy,drug interactions, and the nature of the . . . [Full Text of this Article]
Genetic Polymorphisms Influencing Drug Disposition
Drug Metabolism
Drug Transporters
Genetic Polymorphism of Drug Targets
Genetic Polymorphisms with Indirect Effects on Drug Response
Molecular Diagnostic Methods for Optimizing Drug Therapy
Challenges for the Future
Source Information
From St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Memphis (W.E.E.); and Washington University Medical School, St. Louis (H.L.M.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Evans at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale St., Memphis, TN 38101-0318, or at william.evans@stjude.org.
Related Letters:
Pharmacogenetics
Padrini R., Ferrari M., Carnes M., Noah L., Weinshilboum R., Evans W. E., McLeod H. L., Goldstein D. B., Vallance P.
Extract |
Full Text |
PDF
N Engl J Med 2003;
348:2041-2043, May 15, 2003.
Correspondence
This article has been cited by other articles:
Kim, H. S., Fay, J. C.
(2009). A Combined-Cross Analysis Reveals Genes With Drug-Specific and Background-Dependent Effects on Drug Sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics
183: 1141-1151
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bonhomme-Faivre, L., Picard, V., Saliba, F., Abbara, C., Fodil, M., Chaunoy, M., Farinotti, R.
(2009). Effect of the ABCB1 3435C>T polymorphism on tacrolimus concentrations and dosage requirements in liver transplant recipients. Am J Health Syst Pharm
66: 1645-1651
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marin, F., Gonzalez-Conejero, R., Capranzano, P., Bass, T. A., Roldan, V., Angiolillo, D. J.
(2009). Pharmacogenetics in cardiovascular antithrombotic therapy.. J Am Coll Cardiol
54: 1041-1057
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ghofrani, H. A., Barst, R. J., Benza, R. L., Champion, H. C., Fagan, K. A., Grimminger, F., Humbert, M., Simonneau, G., Stewart, D. J., Ventura, C., Rubin, L. J.
(2009). Future perspectives for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.. J Am Coll Cardiol
54: S108-S117
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wolverton, S. E.
(2009). Optimizing Clinical Use of Azathioprine With Newer Pharmacogenetic Data. Arch Dermatol
145: 707-710
[Full Text]
Brehme, M., Hantschel, O., Colinge, J., Kaupe, I., Planyavsky, M., Kocher, T., Mechtler, K., Bennett, K. L., Superti-Furga, G.
(2009). Charting the molecular network of the drug target Bcr-Abl. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
106: 7414-7419
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ribrag, V., Koscielny, S., Casasnovas, O., Cazeneuve, C., Brice, P., Morschhauser, F., Gabarre, J., Stamatoullas, A., Lenoir, G., Salles, G., on Behalf from the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes ag,
(2009). Pharmacogenetic study in Hodgkin lymphomas reveals the impact of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on patient prognosis. Blood
113: 3307-3313
[Abstract][Full Text]
BOGAARD, K., JOHNSON, M.
(2009). Genetics and Genomic Medicine. radtech
80: 318-335
[Abstract][Full Text]
Colucci, P., Pottage, J. C., Robison, H., Turgeon, J., Schurmann, D., Hoepelman, I. M., Ducharme, M. P.
(2009). Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Elvucitabine, a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Administered over 21 Days with Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
53: 662-669
[Abstract][Full Text]
Gulseth, M. P., Grice, G. R., Dager, W. E.
(2009). Pharmacogenomics of warfarin: Uncovering a piece of the warfarin mystery. Am J Health Syst Pharm
66: 123-133
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kirk, R. J., Hung, J. L., Horner, S. R., Perez, J. T.
(2008). Implications of Pharmacogenomics for Drug Development. Exp. Biol. Med.
233: 1484-1497
[Abstract][Full Text]
Schneider, B. P., Wang, M., Radovich, M., Sledge, G. W., Badve, S., Thor, A., Flockhart, D. A., Hancock, B., Davidson, N., Gralow, J., Dickler, M., Perez, E. A., Cobleigh, M., Shenkier, T., Edgerton, S., Miller, K. D.
(2008). Association of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Genetic Polymorphisms With Outcome in a Trial of Paclitaxel Compared With Paclitaxel Plus Bevacizumab in Advanced Breast Cancer: ECOG 2100. JCO
26: 4672-4678
[Abstract][Full Text]
De Fazio, S., Gallelli, L., De Siena, A., De Sarro, G., Scordo, M. G.
(2008). Role of CYP3A5 in Abnormal Clearance of Methadone. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
42: 893-897
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hayes, D. F., Stearns, V., Rae, J., Flockhart, D., on behalf of the Consortium on Breast Cancer Pharm,
(2008). A Model Citizen? Is Tamoxifen More Effective Than Aromatase Inhibitors if We Pick the Right Patients?. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
100: 610-613
[Full Text]
Parving, H.-H., de Zeeuw, D., Cooper, M. E., Remuzzi, G., Liu, N., Lunceford, J., Shahinfar, S., Wong, P. H., Lyle, P. A., Rossing, P., Brenner, B. M.
(2008). ACE Gene Polymorphism and Losartan Treatment in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
19: 771-779
[Abstract][Full Text]
Falck, P., Vethe, N. T., Asberg, A., Midtvedt, K., Bergan, S., Reubsaet, J. L. E., Holdaas, H.
(2008). Cinacalcet's effect on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus, cyclosporine and mycophenolate in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant
23: 1048-1053
[Abstract][Full Text]
Firenzuoli, F., Gori, L., di Sarsina, P. R.
(2008). Black Cohosh Hepatic Safety: Follow-up of 107 Patients Consuming a Special Cimicifuga racemosa rhizome Herbal Extract and Review of Literature. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
0: nen009v1-nen009
[Abstract][Full Text]
Alnaim, L.
(2007). Therapeutic drug monitoring of cancer chemotherapy. J Oncol Pharm Pract
13: 207-221
[Abstract]
Marsh, S., Paul, J., King, C. R., Gifford, G., McLeod, H. L., Brown, R.
(2007). Pharmacogenetic Assessment of Toxicity and Outcome After Platinum Plus Taxane Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: The Scottish Randomised Trial in Ovarian Cancer. JCO
25: 4528-4535
[Abstract][Full Text]
Sanborn, M., Kerr, K.J., Sanin, L.H., Cole, D.C., Bassil, K.L., Vakil, C.
(2007). Non-cancer health effects of pesticides: Systematic review and implications for family doctors. cfp
53: 1712-1720
[Abstract][Full Text]
Daly, T. M., Dumaual, C. M., Miao, X., Farmen, M. W., Njau, R. K., Fu, D.-J., Bauer, N. L., Close, S., Watanabe, N., Bruckner, C., Hardenbol, P., Hockett, R. D.
(2007). Multiplex Assay for Comprehensive Genotyping of Genes Involved in Drug Metabolism, Excretion, and Transport. Clin. Chem.
53: 1222-1230
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wang, Z., Wang, J., Tantoso, E., Wang, B., Tai, A. Y.P., Ooi, L. L.P.J., Chong, S. S., Lee, C. G.L.
(2007). Signatures of recent positive selection at the ATP-binding cassette drug transporter superfamily gene loci. Hum Mol Genet
16: 1367-1380
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rha, S. Y., Jeung, H. C., Choi, Y. H., Yang, W. I., Yoo, J. H., Kim, B. S., Roh, J. K., Chung, H. C.
(2007). An Association Between RRM1 Haplotype and Gemcitabine-Induced Neutropenia in Breast Cancer Patients. The Oncologist
12: 622-630
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kishi, S., Cheng, C., French, D., Pei, D., Das, S., Cook, E. H., Hijiya, N., Rizzari, C., Rosner, G. L., Frudakis, T., Pui, C.-H., Evans, W. E., Relling, M. V.
(2007). Ancestry and pharmacogenetics of antileukemic drug toxicity. Blood
109: 4151-4157
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kuptsova, N., Kopecky, K. J., Godwin, J., Anderson, J., Hoque, A., Willman, C. L., Slovak, M. L., Ambrosone, C. B.
(2007). Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and therapeutic outcomes of AML patients from SWOG clinical trials. Blood
109: 3936-3944
[Abstract][Full Text]
Etheredge, L. M.
(2007). A Rapid-Learning Health System. Health Aff (Millwood)
26: w107-w118
[Abstract][Full Text]
Niscola, P., Romani, C., Cupelli, L., Scaramucci, L., Tendas, A., Dentamaro, T., Amadori, S., de Fabritiis, P.
(2007). Mucositis in patients with hematologic malignancies: an overview. haematol
92: 222-231
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ito, T., Takahashi, M., Sudo, K., Sugiyama, Y.
(2007). Marked Strain Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of an {alpha}4beta1 Integrin Antagonist, 4-[1-[3-Chloro-4-[N-(2-methylphenyl)-ureido]phenylacetyl]-(4S)-fluoro-(2S)-pyrrolidine-2-yl]-methoxybenzoic Acid (D01-4582), in Sprague-Dawley Rats Are Associated with Albumin Genetic Polymorphism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
320: 124-132
[Abstract][Full Text]
Koukouritaki, S. B., Poch, M. T., Henderson, M. C., Siddens, L. K., Krueger, S. K., VanDyke, J. E., Williams, D. E., Pajewski, N. M., Wang, T., Hines, R. N.
(2007). Identification and Functional Analysis of Common Human Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 Genetic Variants. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
320: 266-273
[Abstract][Full Text]
Roden, D. M., Altman, R. B., Benowitz, N. L., Flockhart, D. A., Giacomini, K. M., Johnson, J. A., Krauss, R. M., McLeod, H. L., Ratain, M. J., Relling, M. V., Ring, H. Z., Shuldiner, A. R., Weinshilboum, R. M., Weiss, S. T., for the Pharmacogenetics Research Network,
(2006). Pharmacogenomics: Challenges and Opportunities.. ANN INTERN MED
145: 749-757
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kaymak, C., Kocabas, N. A., Durmaz, E., Oztuna, D.
(2006). {beta}2 Adrenoceptor (ADRB2) Pharmacogenetics and Cardiovascular Phenotypes during Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation. International Journal of Toxicology
25: 443-449
[Abstract][Full Text]
Meletiadis, J., Chanock, S., Walsh, T. J.
(2006). Human Pharmacogenomic Variations and Their Implications for Antifungal Efficacy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
19: 763-787
[Abstract][Full Text]
Hedgecoe, A.
(2006). Pharmacogenetics as Alien Science: Alzheimer's Disease, Core Sets and Expectations. Social Studies of Science
36: 723-752
[Abstract]
Bosch, T. M., Huitema, A. D.R., Doodeman, V. D., Jansen, R., Witteveen, E., Smit, W. M., Jansen, R. L., van Herpen, C. M., Soesan, M., Beijnen, J. H., Schellens, J. H.M.
(2006). Pharmacogenetic Screening of CYP3A and ABCB1 in Relation to Population Pharmacokinetics of Docetaxel.. Clin. Cancer Res.
12: 5786-5793
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ikoma, Y., Takano, A., Ito, H., Kusuhara, H., Sugiyama, Y., Arakawa, R., Fukumura, T., Nakao, R., Suzuki, K., Suhara, T.
(2006). Quantitative Analysis of 11C-Verapamil Transfer at the Human Blood-Brain Barrier for Evaluation of P-glycoprotein Function. JNM
47: 1531-1537
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ezzeldin, H. H., Diasio, R. B.
(2006). Genetic testing in cancer therapeutics.. Clin. Cancer Res.
12: 4137-4141
[Full Text]
Suh, J.-W., Koo, B.-K., Zhang, S.-Y., Park, K.-W., Cho, J.-Y., Jang, I.-J., Lee, D.-S., Sohn, D.-W., Lee, M.-M., Kim, H.-S.
(2006). Increased risk of atherothrombotic events associated with cytochrome P450 3A5 polymorphism in patients taking clopidogrel. CMAJ
174: 1715-1722
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marsh, S., McLeod, H. L.
(2006). Pharmacogenomics: from bedside to clinical practice.. Hum Mol Genet
15: R89-R93
[Abstract][Full Text]
Blum, K., Chen, T. J.H., Blum, S. H., Downs, B. W., Braverman, E. R., Mengucci, J. F., Meshkin, B.
(2006). Nutrigenomics and pharmacogenomics: a scientific wonderland. Social Science Information
45: 35-52
[Abstract]
Navarro, V. J., Senior, J. R.
(2006). Drug-Related Hepatotoxicity. NEJM
354: 731-739
[Full Text]
Pui, C.-H., Evans, W. E.
(2006). Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. NEJM
354: 166-178
[Full Text]
Travis, L. B., Rabkin, C. S., Brown, L. M., Allan, J. M., Alter, B. P., Ambrosone, C. B., Begg, C. B., Caporaso, N., Chanock, S., DeMichele, A., Figg, W. D., Gospodarowicz, M. K., Hall, E. J., Hisada, M., Inskip, P., Kleinerman, R., Little, J. B., Malkin, D., Ng, A. K., Offit, K., Pui, C.-H., Robison, L. L., Rothman, N., Shields, P. G., Strong, L., Taniguchi, T., Tucker, M. A., Greene, M. H.
(2006). Cancer Survivorship--Genetic Susceptibility and Second Primary Cancers: Research Strategies and Recommendations. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst
98: 15-25
[Abstract][Full Text]
Freimuth, R. R., Xiao, M., Marsh, S., Minton, M., Addleman, N., Van Booven, D. J., McLeod, H. L., Kwok, P.-Y.
(2005). Polymorphism discovery in 51 chemotherapy pathway genes. Hum Mol Genet
14: 3595-3603
[Abstract][Full Text]
Henningsson, A., Marsh, S., Loos, W. J., Karlsson, M. O., Garsa, A., Mross, K., Mielke, S., Vigano, L., Locatelli, A., Verweij, J., Sparreboom, A., McLeod, H. L.
(2005). Association of CYP2C8, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 Polymorphisms with the Pharmacokinetics of Paclitaxel. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 8097-8104
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ginsburg, G. S., Konstance, R. P., Allsbrook, J. S., Schulman, K. A.
(2005). Implications of Pharmacogenomics for Drug Development and Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med
165: 2331-2336
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lepper, E. R., Baker, S. D., Permenter, M., Ries, N., van Schaik, R. H.N., Schenk, P. W., Price, D. K., Ahn, D., Smith, N. F., Cusatis, G., Ingersoll, R. G., Bates, S. E., Mathijssen, R. H.J., Verweij, J., Figg, W. D., Sparreboom, A.
(2005). Effect of Common CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 Variants on the Pharmacokinetics of the Cytochrome P450 3A Phenotyping Probe Midazolam in Cancer Patients. Clin. Cancer Res.
11: 7398-7404
[Abstract][Full Text]
Walgren, R. A., Meucci, M. A., McLeod, H. L.
(2005). Pharmacogenomic Discovery Approaches: Will the Real Genes Please Stand Up?. JCO
23: 7342-7349
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lanfear, D. E., Jones, P. G., Marsh, S., Cresci, S., McLeod, H. L., Spertus, J. A.
(2005). {beta}2-Adrenergic Receptor Genotype and Survival Among Patients Receiving {beta}-Blocker Therapy After an Acute Coronary Syndrome. JAMA
294: 1526-1533
[Abstract][Full Text]
Petros, W. P., Hopkins, P. J., Spruill, S., Broadwater, G., Vredenburgh, J. J., Colvin, O. M., Peters, W. P., Jones, R. B., Hall, J., Marks, J. R.
(2005). Associations Between Drug Metabolism Genotype, Chemotherapy Pharmacokinetics, and Overall Survival in Patients With Breast Cancer. JCO
23: 6117-6125
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wasil, T., Lichtman, S. M.
(2005). Clinical Pharmacology Issues Relevant to the Dosing and Toxicity of Chemotherapy Drugs in the Elderly. The Oncologist
10: 602-612
[Abstract][Full Text]
Dervieux, T, Furst, D, Lein, D O, Capps, R, Smith, K, Caldwell, J, Kremer, J
(2005). Pharmacogenetic and metabolite measurements are associated with clinical status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate: results of a multicentred cross sectional observational study. Ann Rheum Dis
64: 1180-1185
[Abstract][Full Text]
de Jonge, R., Hooijberg, J. H., van Zelst, B. D., Jansen, G., van Zantwijk, C. H., Kaspers, G. J. L., Peters, F. G. J., Ravindranath, Y., Pieters, R., Lindemans, J.
(2005). Effect of polymorphisms in folate-related genes on in vitro methotrexate sensitivity in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood
106: 717-720
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rocha, J. C. C., Cheng, C., Liu, W., Kishi, S., Das, S., Cook, E. H., Sandlund, J. T., Rubnitz, J., Ribeiro, R., Campana, D., Pui, C.-H., Evans, W. E., Relling, M. V.
(2005). Pharmacogenetics of outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood
105: 4752-4758
[Abstract][Full Text]
Lin, M., Wu, R.
(2005). Theoretical Basis for the Identification of Allelic Variants That Encode Drug Efficacy and Toxicity. Genetics
170: 919-928
[Abstract][Full Text]
Wilkinson, G. R.
(2005). Drug Metabolism and Variability among Patients in Drug Response. NEJM
352: 2211-2221
[Full Text]
Azrak, R. G., Yu, J., Pendyala, L., Smith, P. F., Cao, S., Li, X., Shannon, W. D., Durrani, F. A., McLeod, H. L., Rustum, Y. M.
(2005). Irinotecan pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic alterations induced by methylselenocysteine in human head and neck xenograft tumors. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
4: 843-854
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nguyen, T. A., Diodati, J. G., Pharand, C.
(2005). Resistance to clopidogrel: A review of the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol
45: 1157-1164
[Abstract][Full Text]
Stearns, V., Jin, Y., Desta, Z., Rae, J., Skaar, T., Li, L., Storniolo, A. M., Hayes, D. F., Flockhart, D. A.
(2005). Pharmacogenetics in the Endocrine Treatment of Breast Cancer. aacredbook
2005: 325-330
[Full Text]
Schneider, B. P., Miller, K. D.
(2005). Angiogenesis of Breast Cancer. JCO
23: 1782-1790
[Full Text]
Jacobsen, P. K.
(2005). Preventing end stage renal disease in diabetic patients -- genetic aspect (part I). Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
6: 1-14
[Abstract]
Shanahan, M. J., Hofer, S. M.
(2005). Social Context in Gene-Environment Interactions: Retrospect and Prospect. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Science
60: 65-76
[Abstract][Full Text]
Kreiner, T., Buck, K. T.
(2005). Moving toward whole-genome analysis: A technology perspective. Am J Health Syst Pharm
62: 296-305
[Abstract][Full Text]
Marin, F., Gonzalez-Conejero, R., Lee, K. W., Corral, J., Roldan, V., Lopez, F., Sogorb, F., Caturla, J., Lip, G. Y.H., Vicente, V.
(2005). A pharmacogenetic effect of factor XIII valine 34 leucine polymorphism on fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol
45: 25-29
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tinetti, M. E., Bogardus, S. T. Jr., Agostini, J. V.
(2004). Potential Pitfalls of Disease-Specific Guidelines for Patients with Multiple Conditions. NEJM
351: 2870-2874
[Full Text]
Kim, K., Johnson, J. A., Derendorf, H.
(2004). Differences in Drug Pharmacokinetics Between East Asians and Caucasians and the Role of Genetic Polymorphisms. J Clin Pharmacol
44: 1083-1105
[Abstract][Full Text]
Liu, T., Johnson, J. A., Casella, G., Wu, R.
(2004). Sequencing Complex Diseases With HapMap. Genetics
168: 503-511
[Abstract][Full Text]
Watters, J. W., Kraja, A., Meucci, M. A., Province, M. A., McLeod, H. L.
(2004). Genome-wide discovery of loci influencing chemotherapy cytotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101: 11809-11814
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chasman, D. I., Posada, D., Subrahmanyan, L., Cook, N. R., Stanton, V. P. Jr, Ridker, P. M
(2004). Pharmacogenetic Study of Statin Therapy and Cholesterol Reduction. JAMA
291: 2821-2827
[Abstract][Full Text]
Haga, S. B., Burke, W.
(2004). Using Pharmacogenetics to Improve Drug Safety and Efficacy. JAMA
291: 2869-2871
[Full Text]
Frye, R. F.
(2004). Probing the World of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Mol. Interv.
4: 157-162
[Abstract][Full Text]
Tempfer, C. B., Jirecek, S., Riener, E. K., Zeisler, H., Denschlag, D., Hefler, L., Husslein, P. W.
(2004). Polymorphisms of Thrombophilic and Vasoactive Genes and Severe Preeclampsia: A Pilot Study. Reproductive Sciences
11: 227-231
[Abstract]
Florez, J. C., Burtt, N., de Bakker, P. I.W., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Holmkvist, J., Gaudet, D., Hudson, T. J., Schaffner, S. F., Daly, M. J., Hirschhorn, J. N., Groop, L., Altshuler, D.
(2004). Haplotype Structure and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations of the Sulfonylurea Receptor and the Islet ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Gene Region. Diabetes
53: 1360-1368
[Abstract][Full Text]
McLeod, H. L., Watters, J. W.
(2004). Irinotecan Pharmacogenetics: Is It Time to Intervene?. JCO
22: 1356-1359
[Full Text]
Sklan, E. H., Lowenthal, A., Korner, M., Ritov, Y., Landers, D. M., Rankinen, T., Bouchard, C., Leon, A. S., Rice, T., Rao, D. C., Wilmore, J. H., Skinner, J. S., Soreq, H.
(2004). Acetylcholinesterase/paraoxonase genotype and expression predict anxiety scores in Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101: 5512-5517
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pui, C.-H., Relling, M. V., Downing, J. R.
(2004). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. NEJM
350: 1535-1548
[Full Text]
Kirstein, S. L., Insel, P. A.
(2004). Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacogenomics: A Progress Report. Pharmacol. Rev.
56: 31-52
[Abstract][Full Text]
Goetz, M. P., Ames, M. M., Weinshilboum, R. M.
(2004). Primer on Medical Genomics Part XII: Pharmacogenomics--General Principles With Cancer as a Model. Mayo Clin Proc.
79: 376-384
[Abstract]
Jones, R. B.
(2004). Overcoming Methodological Weakness in Dose-Intense Alkylating Agent Studies through Pharmacology. Clin. Cancer Res.
10: 413-414
[Full Text]
Mohrenweiser, H. W.
(2004). Genetic Variation and Exposure Related Risk Estimation: Will Toxicology Enter a New Era? DNA Repair and Cancer as a Paradigm. Toxicol Pathol
32: 136-145
[Abstract]
Watters, J. W., Kloss, E. F., Link, D. C., Graubert, T. A., McLeod, H. L.
(2003). A mouse-based strategy for cyclophosphamide pharmacogenomic discovery. J. Appl. Physiol.
95: 1352-1360
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ahluwalia, R., Freimuth, R., McLeod, H. L., Marsh, S.
(2003). Use of Pyrosequencing to Detect Clinically Relevant Polymorphisms in Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase. Clin. Chem.
49: 1661-1664
[Full Text]
Burke, W.
(2003). Genomics as a Probe for Disease Biology. NEJM
349: 969-974
[Full Text]
Mathijssen, R. H. J., Marsh, S., Karlsson, M. O., Xie, R., Baker, S. D., Verweij, J., Sparreboom, A., McLeod, H. L.
(2003). Irinotecan Pathway Genotype Analysis to Predict Pharmacokinetics. Clin. Cancer Res.
9: 3246-3253
[Abstract][Full Text]
Nabel, E. G.
(2003). Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM
349: 60-72
[Full Text]
Schroppel, B., Murphy, B.
(2003). Gene Variants Affecting Bioavailability of Drugs: Towards Individualized Immunosuppressive Therapy?. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
14: 1955-1957
[Full Text]
Padrini, R., Ferrari, M., Carnes, M., Noah, L., Weinshilboum, R., Evans, W. E., McLeod, H. L., Goldstein, D. B., Vallance, P.
(2003). Pharmacogenetics. NEJM
348: 2041-2043
[Full Text]
Evans, W E
(2003). Pharmacogenomics: marshalling the human genome to individualise drug therapy. Gut
52: ii10-18
[Abstract][Full Text]
(2003). The genomification of medicine. CMAJ
168: 949-949
[Full Text]
(2003). La genomification de la medecine. CMAJ
168: 951-951
[Full Text]
Weinshilboum, R.
(2003). Inheritance and Drug Response. NEJM
348: 529-537
[Full Text]
Goldstein, D. B.
(2003). Pharmacogenetics in the Laboratory and the Clinic. NEJM
348: 553-556
[Full Text]
Previous
