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Lung transplantation has assumed an important role in the therapeutic approach to selected patients with advanced lung disease, but the procedure remains plagued by numerous problems that limit its widespread applicability and constrain its outcomes. Increasingly, the supply of suitable donor organs is insufficient to meet current demands. Immunosuppressive therapy is associated with myriad risks, most notably infection, renal failure, and malignant disorders. Despite current immunosuppressive strategies, rejection of allografts is common and frequently leads to irreversible organ dysfunction. As a consequence of these problems, lung transplantation remains limited in its ability to appreciably extend life; median survival is only
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