FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Previous Volume 350:125-133 January 8, 2004 Number 2 Next

	Full Text PDF PDA Full Text PowerPoint Slide Set Editorial by Teirstein, A. S. Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited E-mail When Letters Appear PubMed Citation

ABSTRACT

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive, fatal disease with no known efficacious therapy.

Methods In a double-blind, multinational trial, we randomly assigned 330 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that was unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy to receive subcutaneous interferon gamma-1b or placebo.

Results Over a median of 58 weeks, interferon gamma-1b therapy did not significantly affect the primary end point of progression-free survival, defined as the time to disease progression or death, and no significant treatment effect was observed on measures of lung function, gas exchange, or the quality of life. Ten percent of patients in the interferon gamma-1b group died, as compared with 17 percent of patients in the placebo group (P=0.08). Treatment with interferon gamma-1b was associated with more frequent constitutional symptoms. However, the rates of treatment adherence and premature discontinuation of treatment were similar in the two groups. More pneumonias were reported among patients in the interferon gamma-1b group, but the incidence of severe or life-threatening respiratory tract infections was similar in the two groups.

Conclusions In a well-defined population of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interferon gamma-1b did not affect progression-free survival, pulmonary function, or the quality of life. Owing to the size and duration of the trial, a clinically significant survival benefit could not be ruled out.

Source Information

From the University of Washington, Seattle (G.R.); the National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver (K.K.B.); InterMune, Brisbane, Calif. (W.Z.B., K.S.); Yale University, New Haven, Conn. (P.W.N.); Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, N.C. (D.A.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco (T.E.K.).

Address reprint requests to Dr. Raghu at the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, BB 1237, Health Sciences, Box 356522, Seattle, WA 98195, or at graghu{at}u.washington.edu.

Full Text of this Article

Related Letters:

Interferon Gamma-1b for Pulmonary Fibrosis
Hill A. R., Fruchter O., Eisner M. D., Tsoutsou P. G., Gourgoulianis K. I., Vourlekis J. S., Richeldi L., Raghu G., King T. E. Jr., Teirstein A. S.
Extract | Full Text | PDF  
N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1794-1797, Apr 22, 2004. Correspondence

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Kunisaki, K. M., Niewoehner, D. E. (2008). Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Resurrecting an Old Idea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178: 1098-1099 [Full Text]  
• Jackson, R. M., Fell, C. D. (2008). Etanercept for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Lessons on Clinical Trial Design. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178: 889-891 [Full Text]  
• Raghu, G., Brown, K. K., Costabel, U., Cottin, V., du Bois, R. M., Lasky, J. A., Thomeer, M., Utz, J. P., Khandker, R. K., McDermott, L., Fatenejad, S. (2008). Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis with Etanercept: An Exploratory, Placebo-controlled Trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178: 948-955 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, R., Meyer, K. C. (2008). Review: Therapies for interstitial lung disease: past, present and future. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2: 319-338 [Abstract]  
• Wells, A U, Hirani, N, on behalf of the BTS Interstitial Lung Disease Gui, (2008). Interstitial lung disease guideline. Thorax 63: v1-v58 [Full Text]  
• Goh, N. S. L., Desai, S. R., Veeraraghavan, S., Hansell, D. M., Copley, S. J., Maher, T. M., Corte, T. J., Sander, C. R., Ratoff, J., Devaraj, A., Bozovic, G., Denton, C. P., Black, C. M., du Bois, R. M., Wells, A. U. (2008). Interstitial Lung Disease in Systemic Sclerosis: A Simple Staging System. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177: 1248-1254 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laurent, G. J., McAnulty, R. J., Hill, M., Chambers, R. (2008). Escape from the Matrix: Multiple Mechanisms for Fibroblast Activation in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 5: 311-315 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rogliani, P., Mura, M., Assunta Porretta, M., Saltini, C. (2008). Review: New perspectives in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2: 75-93 [Abstract]  
• Clement, A., Eber, E. (2008). Interstitial lung diseases in infants and children. Eur Respir J 31: 658-666 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Williams, T J, Wilson, J W (2008). Challenges in pulmonary fibrosis: 7 {middle dot} Novel therapies and lung transplantation. Thorax 63: 277-284 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Best, A. C., Meng, J., Lynch, A. M., Bozic, C. M., Miller, D., Grunwald, G. K., Lynch, D. A. (2008). Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Physiologic Tests, Quantitative CT Indexes, and CT Visual Scores as Predictors of Mortality. Radiology 246: 935-940 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Luzina, I. G., Todd, N. W., Iacono, A. T., Atamas, S. P. (2008). Roles of T lymphocytes in pulmonary fibrosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 83: 237-244 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kinder, B. W., Brown, K. K., Schwarz, M. I., Ix, J. H., Kervitsky, A., King, T. E. Jr (2008). Baseline BAL Neutrophilia Predicts Early Mortality in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 133: 226-232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raymond, T., Schaller, M., Hogaboam, C. M., Lukacs, N. W., Rochford, R., Kunkel, S. L. (2007). Toll-like Receptors, Notch Ligands, and Cytokines Drive the Chronicity of Lung Inflammation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 4: 635-641 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Maher, T. M., Wells, A. U., Laurent, G. J. (2007). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: multiple causes and multiple mechanisms?. Eur Respir J 30: 835-839 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hyzy, R., Huang, S., Myers, J., Flaherty, K., Martinez, F. (2007). Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 132: 1652-1658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• du Bois, R., King, T. E Jr (2007). Challenges in pulmonary fibrosis {middle dot} 5: The NSIP/UIP debate. Thorax 62: 1008-1012 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Scotton, C. J., Chambers, R. C. (2007). Molecular Targets in Pulmonary Fibrosis: The Myofibroblast in Focus. Chest 132: 1311-1321 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rosas, I. O., Ren, P., Avila, N. A., Chow, C. K., Franks, T. J., Travis, W. D., McCoy, J. P. Jr., May, R. M., Wu, H.-P., Nguyen, D. M., Arcos-Burgos, M., MacDonald, S. D., Gochuico, B. R. (2007). Early Interstitial Lung Disease in Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176: 698-705 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Noth, I., Martinez, F. J. (2007). Recent Advances in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 132: 637-650 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Olson, A. L., Swigris, J. J., Lezotte, D. C., Norris, J. M., Wilson, C. G., Brown, K. K. (2007). Mortality from Pulmonary Fibrosis Increased in the United States from 1992 to 2003. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176: 277-284 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cooker, L. A., Peterson, D., Rambow, J., Riser, M. L., Riser, R. E., Najmabadi, F., Brigstock, D., Riser, B. L. (2007). TNF-{alpha}, but not IFN-{gamma}, regulates CCN2 (CTGF), collagen type I, and proliferation in mesangial cells: possible roles in the progression of renal fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293: F157-F165 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Richeldi, L., Abraham, E. (2007). Identifying Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Quality or Quantity?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175: 976-977 [Full Text]  
• Gunther, A., Enke, B., Markart, P., Hammerl, P., Morr, H., Behr, J., Stahler, G., Seeger, W., Grimminger, F., Leconte, I., Roux, S., Ghofrani, H-A. (2007). Safety and tolerability of bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an open label study. Eur Respir J 29: 713-719 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wells, A. U., Hogaboam, C. M. (2007). Update in Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease 2006. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175: 655-660 [Full Text]  
• Rudd, R. M, Prescott, R. J, Chalmers, J C, Johnston, I. D A, for the Fibrosing Alveolitis Subcommittee of the R, (2007). British Thoracic Society Study on cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: response to treatment and survival. Thorax 62: 62-66 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dempsey, O.J., Kerr, K.M., Gomersall, L., Remmen, H., Currie, G.P. (2006). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an update. QJM 99: 643-654 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Millar, A B (2006). IL-10: another therapeutic target in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?. Thorax 61: 835-836 [Full Text]  
• Raghu, G., Weycker, D., Edelsberg, J., Bradford, W. Z., Oster, G. (2006). Incidence and Prevalence of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174: 810-816 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nakagome, K, Dohi, M, Okunishi, K, Tanaka, R, Miyazaki, J, Yamamoto, K (2006). In vivo IL-10 gene delivery attenuates bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the production and activation of TGF-{beta} in the lung. Thorax 61: 886-894 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lederer, D. J., Arcasoy, S. M., Wilt, J. S., D'Ovidio, F., Sonett, J. R., Kawut, S. M. (2006). Six-Minute-Walk Distance Predicts Waiting List Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174: 659-664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raghu, G. (2006). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: treatment options in pursuit of evidence-based approaches.. Eur Respir J 28: 463-465 [Full Text]  
• Antoniou, K. M., Nicholson, A. G., Dimadi, M., Malagari, K., Latsi, P., Rapti, A., Tzanakis, N., Trigidou, R., Polychronopoulos, V., Bouros, D. (2006). Long-term clinical effects of interferon gamma-1b and colchicine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 28: 496-504 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kimura, T., Ishii, Y., Yoh, K., Morishima, Y., Iizuka, T., Kiwamoto, T., Matsuno, Y., Homma, S., Nomura, A., Sakamoto, T., Takahashi, S., Sekizawa, K. (2006). Overexpression of the Transcription Factor GATA-3 Enhances the Development of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 169: 96-104 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Raghu, G., Johnson, W. C. (2006). From the authors. Eur Respir J 27: 1072-1073 [Full Text]  
• Wells, A. U. (2006). Antioxidant therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: hope is kindled.. Eur Respir J 27: 664-666 [Full Text]  
• Yun, A. J., Lee, P. Y., Gerber, A. N. (2006). Integrating systems biology and medical imaging: understanding disease distribution in the lung model.. Am. J. Roentgenol. 186: 925-930 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hull, J. H.K., Toma, T. P., Bhowmik, A., Rajakulasingam, R., Demedts, M., Buhl, R., Costabel, U., the IFIGENIA Study Group, (2006). Acetylcysteine in Pulmonary Fibrosis. NEJM 354: 1089-1091 [Full Text]  
• Weinberger, S. E. (2006). Update in pulmonary medicine.. ANN INTERN MED 144: 358-363 [Full Text]  
• Frankel, S. K., Cosgrove, G. P., Cha, S.-I., Cool, C. D., Wynes, M. W., Edelman, B. L., Brown, K. K., Riches, D. W. H. (2006). TNF-{alpha} Sensitizes Normal and Fibrotic Human Lung Fibroblasts to Fas-Induced Apoptosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 34: 293-304 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Crowley, S. P., Kelly, P., Egan, J. J. (2006). Acute Exacerbations in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ANN INTERN MED 144: 218-218 [Full Text]  
• Martinez, F. J. (2006). Acute Exacerbations in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ANN INTERN MED 144: 218-219 [Full Text]  
• Kim, D. S., Collard, H. R., King, T. E. Jr. (2006). Classification and natural history of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3: 285-292 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Walter, N., Collard, H. R., King, T. E. Jr. (2006). Current perspectives on the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3: 330-338 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Demedts, M., Behr, J., Buhl, R., Costabel, U., Dekhuijzen, R., Jansen, H. M., MacNee, W., Thomeer, M., Wallaert, B., Laurent, F., Nicholson, A. G., Verbeken, E. K., Verschakelen, J., Flower, C. D.R., Capron, F., Petruzzelli, S., De Vuyst, P., van den Bosch, J. M.M., Rodriguez-Becerra, E., Corvasce, G., Lankhorst, I., Sardina, M., Montanari, M., the IFIGENIA Study Group, (2005). High-Dose Acetylcysteine in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.. NEJM 353: 2229-2242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Johnson, W. C., Raghu, G. (2005). Clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a word of caution concerning choice of outcome measures. Eur Respir J 26: 755-758 [Full Text]  
• Raghu, G. (2005). Poor Choice of Primary Outcome in a Clinical Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with IPF. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 1229-1230 [Full Text]  
• Doran, P., Egan, J. J. (2005). Herpesviruses: a cofactor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 289: L709-L710 [Full Text]  
• Levitt, J., Gould, M. K. (2005). Poor Choice of Primary Outcome in a Clinical Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with IPF. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 1228-1229 [Full Text]  
• Kim, J. H., Kim, H. Y., Kim, S., Chung, J.-H., Park, W. S., Chung, D. H. (2005). Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells Attenuate Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Producing Interferon-{gamma}. Am. J. Pathol. 167: 1231-1241 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Steele, M. P., Speer, M. C., Loyd, J. E., Brown, K. K., Herron, A., Slifer, S. H., Burch, L. H., Wahidi, M. M., Phillips, J. A. III, Sporn, T. A., McAdams, H. P., Schwarz, M. I., Schwartz, D. A. (2005). Clinical and Pathologic Features of Familial Interstitial Pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 1146-1152 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mora, A. L., Woods, C. R., Garcia, A., Xu, J., Rojas, M., Speck, S. H., Roman, J., Brigham, K. L., Stecenko, A. A. (2005). Lung infection with {gamma}-herpesvirus induces progressive pulmonary fibrosis in Th2-biased mice. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 289: L711-L721 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nathan, S. D. (2005). Therapeutic Intervention: Assessing the Role of the International Consensus Guidelines. Chest 128: 533S-539S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cottin, V., Nunes, H., Brillet, P-Y., Delaval, P., Devouassoux, G., Tillie-Leblond, I., Israel-Biet, D., Court-Fortune, I., Valeyre, D., Cordier, J-F., the Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Maladie, (2005). Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J 26: 586-593 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bouros, D., Antoniou, K. M. (2005). Current and future therapeutic approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 26: 693-703 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pacanowski, M. A, Amsden, G. W (2005). Interferon Gamma-1b in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39: 1678-1686 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aoki, F., Kurabayashi, M., Hasegawa, Y., Kojima, I. (2005). Attenuation of Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Follistatin. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 713-720 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lynch, D. A., Godwin, J. D., Safrin, S., Starko, K. M., Hormel, P., Brown, K. K., Raghu, G., King, T. E. Jr., Bradford, W. Z., Schwartz, D. A., Webb, W. R., for the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Study Group, (2005). High-Resolution Computed Tomography in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Diagnosis and Prognosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 488-493 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kinnula, V. L., Fattman, C. L., Tan, R. J., Oury, T. D. (2005). Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Possible Role for Redox Modulatory Therapy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 417-422 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• King, T. E. Jr. (2005). Clinical Advances in the Diagnosis and Therapy of the Interstitial Lung Diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 268-279 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bajwa, E. K., Ayas, N. T., Schulzer, M., Mak, E., Ryu, J. H., Malhotra, A. (2005). Interferon-{gamma}1b Therapy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Metaanalysis. Chest 128: 203-206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Swigris, J J, Kuschner, W G, Jacobs, S S, Wilson, S R, Gould, M K (2005). Health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review. Thorax 60: 588-594 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martinez, F. J., Safrin, S., Weycker, D., Starko, K. M., Bradford, W. Z., King, T. E. Jr, Flaherty, K. R., Schwartz, D. A., Noble, P. W., Raghu, G., Brown, K. K., for the IPF Study Group*, (2005). The Clinical Course of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ANN INTERN MED 142: 963-967 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• du Bois, R. M. (2005). Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Now Treatable?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 939-940 [Full Text]  
• Riley, D. J. (2005). Risk of Surgical Lung Biopsy in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Chest 127: 1485-1486 [Full Text]  
• Willis, B. C., Liebler, J. M., Luby-Phelps, K., Nicholson, A. G., Crandall, E. D., du Bois, R. M., Borok, Z. (2005). Induction of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Alveolar Epithelial Cells by Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1: Potential Role in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 166: 1321-1332 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Azuma, A., Nukiwa, T., Tsuboi, E., Suga, M., Abe, S., Nakata, K., Taguchi, Y., Nagai, S., Itoh, H., Ohi, M., Sato, A., Kudoh, S., for the members of the Research Group for Diffuse, (2005). Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 1040-1047 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Keogh, K. A., Standing, J., Kane, G. C., Terzic, A., Limper, A. H. (2005). Angiotensin II antagonism fails to ameliorate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Eur Respir J 25: 708-714 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Egan, J J, Martinez, F J, Wells, A U, Williams, T (2005). Lung function estimates in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the potential for a simple classification. Thorax 60: 270-273 [Full Text]  
• Jegal, Y., Kim, D. S., Shim, T. S., Lim, C.-M., Do Lee, S., Koh, Y., Kim, W. S., Kim, W. D., Lee, J. S., Travis, W. D., Kitaichi, M., Colby, T. V. (2005). Physiology Is a Stronger Predictor of Survival than Pathology in Fibrotic Interstitial Pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 639-644 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Burdick, M. D., Murray, L. A., Keane, M. P., Xue, Y. Y., Zisman, D. A., Belperio, J. A., Strieter, R. M. (2005). CXCL11 Attenuates Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Inhibition of Vascular Remodeling. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171: 261-268 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• King, T. E. Jr, Safrin, S., Starko, K. M., Brown, K. K., Noble, P. W., Raghu, G., Schwartz, D. A. (2005). Analyses of Efficacy End Points in a Controlled Trial of Interferon-{gamma}1b for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 127: 171-177 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Swigris, J. J., Kuschner, W. G., Kelsey, J. L., Gould, M. K. (2005). Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Challenges and Opportunities for the Clinician and Investigator. Chest 127: 275-283 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Swigris, J. J., Gould, M. K., Wilson, S. R. (2005). Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Chest 127: 284-294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beller, T. C., Maekawa, A., Friend, D. S., Austen, K. F., Kanaoka, Y. (2004). Targeted Gene Disruption Reveals the Role of the Cysteinyl Leukotriene 2 Receptor in Increased Vascular Permeability and in Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 46129-46134 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bush, A. (2004). Paediatric interstitial lung disease: not just kid's stuff. Eur Respir J 24: 521-523 [Full Text]  
• Xu, Y., Wang, L., Buttice, G., Sengupta, P. K., Smith, B. D. (2004). Major Histocompatibility Class II Transactivator (CIITA) Mediates Repression of Collagen (COL1A2) Transcription by Interferon {gamma} (IFN-{gamma}). J. Biol. Chem. 279: 41319-41332 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Singh, J., Steele, M. (2004). Acute Respiratory Failure After a Single Dose of Interferon-gamma. Chest 126: 994S-995S [Abstract]  
• Khalil, N., O'Connor, R. (2004). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current understanding of the pathogenesis and the status of treatment. CMAJ 171: 153-160 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dauber, J. H., Gibson, K. F., Kaminski, N. (2004). Interferon-{gamma} 1b in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: What We Know and What Must We Learn. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 170: 107-108 [Full Text]  
• Strieter, R. M., Starko, K. M., Enelow, R. I., Noth, I., Valentine, V. G., the other members of the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibr, (2004). Effects of Interferon-{gamma} 1b on Biomarker Expression in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 170: 133-140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hill, A. R., Fruchter, O., Eisner, M. D., Tsoutsou, P. G., Gourgoulianis, K. I., Vourlekis, J. S., Richeldi, L., Raghu, G., King, T. E. Jr., Teirstein, A. S. (2004). Interferon Gamma-1b for Pulmonary Fibrosis. NEJM 350: 1794-1797 [Full Text]  
• Medford, A R L (2004). Interferon gamma therapy and pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 59: 216-216 [Full Text]  
• Carvalho, C. R. R., Kairalla, R. A., Schettino, G. P. P., Crestani, B., Valeyre, D. (2004). Acute Respiratory Failure after Interferon-{gamma} Therapy in IPF. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169: 543-544 [Full Text]  
• Teirstein, A. S. (2004). The Elusive Goal of Therapy for Usual Interstitial Pneumonia. NEJM 350: 181-183 [Full Text]