This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlightinga common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategiesis then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines,when they exist. The article ends with the authors' clinicalrecommendations.
A 58-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus has an asymptomaticplantar ulcer on the left foot that remains unhealed after fourmonths. The ulcer measures 2 cm by 1 cm and is surrounded bycallus under the first metatarsal head (Figure 1). Neurologicexamination reveals loss of sensation of light touch, pinprick,and vibration below the midcalf level bilaterally . . . [Full Text of this Article]
The Clinical Problem
Strategies and Evidence
Diagnosis
Ulcer Assessment
Infection of the Ulcer
Osteomyelitis
Management
Diabetes and General Care
Preparation of the Wound Bed
Removal of Pressure
Dressings
Treatment of Infection
Adjunctive Treatments
Growth Factors
Tissue-Engineered Skin
Delivery of Care
Areas of Uncertainty
Prevention
Therapy
Guidelines
Conclusions and Recommendations
Source Information
From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (A.J.M.B., L.V.), and the Departments of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery (R.S.K.), Epidemiology and Public Health (R.S.K.), and Psychology (L.V.), University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami (R.S.K.); and the Department of Academic Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom (A.J.M.B., L.V.).
Address reprint requests to Dr. Boulton at the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960 (D-110), Miami, FL 33101, or at aboulton@med.miami.edu.
Boulton, A. J.M., Armstrong, D. G., Albert, S. F., Frykberg, R. G., Hellman, R., Kirkman, M. S., Lavery, L. A., LeMaster, J. W., Mills, J. L. Sr., Mueller, M. J., Sheehan, P., Wukich, D. K.
(2008). Comprehensive Foot Examination and Risk Assessment: A report of the Task Force of the Foot Care Interest Group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care
31: 1679-1685
[Full Text]
Klein, E. E., Crews, R. T., Wu, S. C., Wrobel, J. S., Armstrong, D. G.
(2008). CLEAR Cleat: A Proof-of-Concept Trial of an Aerobic Activity Facilitator to Reduce Plantar Forefoot Pressures and Their Potential in Those with Foot Ulcers. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc.
98: 261-267
[Abstract][Full Text]
Bloomgarden, Z. T.
(2008). The Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Care
31: 372-376
[Full Text]
Papanas, N., Maltezos, E.
(2007). Growth Factors in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: New Technologies, Any Promises?. INT J LOW EXTREM WOUNDS
6: 37-53
[Abstract]
Papanas, N., Papatheodorou, K., Papazoglou, D., Christakidis, D., Monastiriotis, C., Maltezos, E.
(2007). The New Indicator Test (Neuropad(R)): A Valuable Diagnostic Tool for Small-Fiber Impairment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. The Diabetes Educator
33: 257-266
[Abstract][Full Text]
Vileikyte, L., Gonzalez, J. S., Leventhal, H., Peyrot, M. F., Rubin, R. R., Garrow, A., Ulbrecht, J. S., Cavanagh, P. R., Boulton, A. J.M.
(2006). Patient Interpretation of Neuropathy (PIN) Questionnaire: An instrument for assessment of cognitive and emotional factors associated with foot self-care. Diabetes Care
29: 2617-2624
[Abstract][Full Text]
Thamotharampillai, K., Chan, A. K.F., Bennetts, B., Craig, M. E., Cusumano, J., Silink, M., Oates, P. J., Donaghue, K. C.
(2006). Decline in Neurophysiological Function After 7 Years in an Adolescent Diabetic Cohort and the Role of Aldose Reductase Gene Polymorphisms.. Diabetes Care
29: 2053-2057
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boyko, E. J., Ahroni, J. H., Cohen, V., Nelson, K. M., Heagerty, P. J.
(2006). Prediction of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Occurrence Using Commonly Available Clinical Information: The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study.. Diabetes Care
29: 1202-1207
[Abstract][Full Text]
Pua, B. B., Muhs, B. E., Maldonado, T., Ben-Arie, E., Sheehan, P., Gagne, P. J.
(2006). Total-Contact Casting as an Adjunct to Promote Healing of Pressure Ulcers in Amputees. VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURG
40: 135-140
[Abstract]
Clifft, J. K., Kasser, R. J., Newton, T. S., Bush, A. J.
(2005). The Effect of Monochromatic Infrared Energy on Sensation in Patients With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care
28: 2896-2900
[Abstract][Full Text]
Rich, J., Lee, J. C.
(2005). The Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in the Diabetic NOD Mouse. Diabetes
54: 2904-2910
[Abstract][Full Text]
Garrow, A. P., van Schie, C. H.M., Boulton, A. J.M.
(2005). Efficacy of Multilayered Hosiery in Reducing In-Shoe Plantar Foot Pressure in High-Risk Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Care
28: 2001-2006
[Abstract][Full Text]
Ziegler, D., Siekierka-Kleiser, E., Meyer, B., Schweers, M.
(2005). Validation of a Novel Screening Device (NeuroQuick) for Quantitative Assessment of Small Nerve Fiber Dysfunction as an Early Feature of Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care
28: 1169-1174
[Abstract][Full Text]
Singh, N., Armstrong, D. G., Lipsky, B. A.
(2005). Preventing Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes. JAMA
293: 217-228
[Abstract][Full Text]
Boulton, A. J.M.
(2005). Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Clin. Diabetes
23: 9-15
[Abstract][Full Text]
Chang, H. R., Aksenov, I. V., Boulton, A. J.M., Kirsner, R. S., Vileikyte, L.
(2004). Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers. NEJM
351: 1694-1695
[Full Text]