A little more than 50 years ago, a hole inside a human heartwas closed, with a machine maintaining life while the surgerywas done. Within the next two years, four of eight childrensurvived repair of complicated congenital heart defects in operationsinvolving a similar machine. The heart–lung machine, asit was called, was invented and developed by John and Mary Gibbon(see Figure 1). Simultaneously, Forssmann, Cournand, and Richardsdeveloped cardiac catheterization that permitted anatomicaland physiological diagnoses of heart disease during life. Withthe discovery and commercial production of the anticoagulantheparin, these two innovations spawned . . . [Full Text of this Article]
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From the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
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