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Efforts to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and other infectious agents in the United States have resulted in major changes in the ways in which blood donors are screened and their blood tested before transfusion. Nevertheless, the core methods that are used in hospitals and blood centers to provide blood for transfusions have not changed appreciably in decades. Most hospital transfusion services type and cross-match blood by manual methods in test tubes and interpret the end points of antibodyantigen tests subjectively, by visual inspection. Most community blood centers "pack" red cells by
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