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Irrespective of the difficulty in determining its incidence, misconduct in research fraud, falsification, and plagiarism has a corrosive effect on the scientific enterprise. It violates the norms of scientific integrity, leads researchers down spurious paths, and, in the case of clinical research, uses false data to endorse treatments. Misconduct erodes trust among researchers and the public's confidence in and support of research. Moreover, good-faith whistle-blowers can suffer devastating personal and professional consequences, and institutions must bear the burden of the human and financial costs of investigating allegations of misconduct.
In The Great Betrayal, Horace Freeland Judson discusses these
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