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Volume 353:2214-2215 November 24, 2005 Number 21
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Hostile Use of the Life Sciences
Meng-Kin Lim, M.B., B.S., M.P.H.

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All technological advancements — from knives and forks to airplanes and rockets — have been exploited for destructive ends. Inherent in every scientific discovery is the "dual use" dilemma: the same science that enables the sequencing of a new virus as part of a search for a cure also enables the manufacture of deadlier viruses.

The anthrax attacks in the United States in 2001 jolted us out of complacency. Traditional restraints — such as taboos surrounding the use of poison and disease as weapons, as well as international conventions including the 1925 Geneva Protocol, the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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Dr. Lim is an associate professor in the Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.




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