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The 1960s and 1970s are widely regarded as a watershed in the history of bioethics. The exposure of research scandals during these years generated widespread public controversy. The outcry was followed by a series of federal commissions and regulations that sought to make informed consent an integral part of clinical research. Yet this approach has hardly been perfect, as illustrated by such tragic accidents as the death of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger in a 1999 gene-therapy experiment.
A sociologist conversant with the methods of history and ethics, Sydney Halpern argues that medical researchers in the first half of the 20th century
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