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The myelodysplastic syndromes encompass a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic cell disorders that are characterized by ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis, which causes cytopenias and functional defects that frequently involve all three blood-cell lineages. There is also an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. The incidence of the myelodysplastic syndromes increases with age and currently appears to be the most common hematologic malignant condition in elderly persons.
In these disorders, there is a wide spectrum of the morphologic features of dysplasia; there are cytopenias, chromosomal abnormalities, and clinical manifestations, and the prognoses also vary. A variable degree of anemia,
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