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In the mid-1980s, it was discovered that the nonsteroidal antiestrogens tamoxifen and raloxifene (then known as keoxifene) can switch on (estrogenic action) or switch off (antiestrogenic action) responses at estrogen target sites around the body. This finding evoked a conceptual change in pharmacology that opened the door to investigations of the clinical potential of drugs that are now called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for the prevention of breast cancer, osteoporosis, and other diseases in women.
Twenty years later, the veteran SERM tamoxifen is still used to treat and prevent breast cancer (antiestrogenic action), but raloxifene, the failed breast cancer
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