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The renaissance in the study of regulatory T cells, which began in the mid-1990s, has much improved our understanding of the developmental mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. T-cellmediated suppression of the immune response was recognized more than three decades ago, but phenotypic characterization of regulatory T cells opened the way for detailed studies of their development and function in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Regulatory T cells interfere with the generation of effector T-cell function in vivo. They express the gene coding for transcription factor FOXP3. Studies of the FOXP3 gene in mice have indicated that mutations in this gene impair the
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