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The pioneering, Nobel Prize–winning work of E. Donnall Thomas in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated that certain patients with leukemia could be cured with a combination of radiation and high-dose chemotherapy. These patients could survive such treatments only by receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Inspired by this work, George Canellos and Emil Frei III proposed that similar approaches might result in cures for patients with solid tumors, particularly patients with breast cancer. Within a few years, several small, uncontrolled phase 1 and phase 2 studies, led principally by former trainees of Canellos and Frei, suggested that high-dose chemotherapy with autologous
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