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How a theory developed in Greece during the 5th century B.C. came to dominate medicine in Europe and the Muslim world for more than 2000 years is a fascinating story. Chandler Brooks explained in his 1962 book, Humors, Hormones, and Neurosecretions (Albany: State University of New York Press), how ancient notions of health as a balance of fluids — the original meaning of humors — prefigured modern ideas about hormones and endocrine balance. In contrast, Noga Arikha, in Passions and Tempers, emphasizes the humoralists' interest in the interdependence of body and mind and the persistence of that idea through the
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