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Previous Volume 358:261-273 January 17, 2008 Number 3 Next

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The unprecedented epizootic of avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses among birds continues to cause human disease with high mortality and to pose the threat of a pandemic. This review updates a 2005 report¹ and incorporates information recently published or presented at the Second World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus.²

Viral Ecology

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses are entrenched among poultry in parts of Asia, Africa, and perhaps the Middle East. The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 hemagglutinin has evolved into many phylogenetically distinct clades and subclades (Figure 1. . . [Full Text of this Article]

Epidemiology of Human Infections

Incidence and Demographic Characteristics

Transmission

Incubation Period

Pathogenesis

Viral Factors

Viral Replication

Pathological Findings

Host Responses

Clinical Features

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Antiviral Agents

Other Treatments

Prevention

Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis

Immunization

Source Information

The members of the writing committee (Abdel-Nasser Abdel-Ghafar, M.D., Tawee Chotpitayasunondh, M.D., Zhancheng Gao, M.D., Ph.D., Frederick G. Hayden, M.D., Nguyen Duc Hien, M.D., Ph.D., Menno D. de Jong, M.D., Ph.D., Azim Naghdaliyev, M.D., J.S. Malik Peiris, M.D., Nahoko Shindo, M.D., Santoso Soeroso, M.D., and Timothy M. Uyeki, M.D.) assume responsibility for the overall content and integrity of the article.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Hayden at the Global Influenza Program, Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, World Health Organization, 20 Ave. Appia, Ch-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland, or at haydenf@who.int.

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