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Surgery is constantly evolving, with refinements to technique being made to optimize outcomes while minimizing morbidity. Correspondingly, minimally invasive procedures have assumed a more prominent role in many surgical disciplines. For example, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was introduced in 1989, and within 5 years had virtually replaced the traditional open procedure. Urology is no exception to these trends. More than 10 years ago, the founding fathers of endourology published the first edition of Smith's Textbook of Endourology (St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1996). At that time, the highly specialized techniques of minimally invasive endourology were performed by a limited number of surgeons.
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