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Previous Volume 359:1512-1518 October 2, 2008 Number 14 Next

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Michel Foucault opened his 1975 book Discipline and Punish with a particularly gruesome account of a French execution in 1757 that involved tearing the flesh away with hot pincers and applying boiling oil to what remained, followed by drawing and quartering of the body by four horses.¹ In the 18th century, the goals of torturing to death were retribution and deterrence by spectacle. Executions slowly moved away from violent torture to methods that were seen as being more humane, such as hanging, shooting by a firing squad, electrocution, and lethal gassing. Executions also became much less public.

In the United . . . [Full Text of this Article]

The Plurality Opinion of Chief Justice Roberts

The Opinion of Justice Alito

The Opinion of Justice Thomas

The Opinion of Justice Breyer

The Opinion of Justice Ginsburg

The Opinion of Justices Stevens and Scalia

Torture, Intent, and Physician Participation

The Future of Physician Participation in Lethal-Injection Protocols

Medical Ethics and Lethal-Injection Executions

Source Information

From the Department of Health Law, Bioethics, and Human Rights, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston.

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