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Renal-cell carcinoma actually comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases with varying clinical presentations, all of which require a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, with contributions from urologists, pathologists, medical oncologists, radiologists, and nursing staff. The groundwork for the many advances made in renal-cell carcinoma over the past decade has its roots in two seminal laboratory discoveries. The first was the observation in 1979 that a translocation between the short arm of chromosome 3 and the long arm of chromosome 8 affected 8 of 10 members of a family with genes linked to a hereditary form of kidney cancer. The second was
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