FREE NEJM E-TOC    HOME   |   SUBSCRIBE   |   CURRENT ISSUE   |   PAST ISSUES   |   COLLECTIONS   |   Search Term  Advanced Search

Sign in | Get NEJM's E-Mail Table of Contents — Free | Subscribe

Published at www.nejm.org June 29, 2009 (10.1056/NEJMra0904322)

	Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.

	Full Text PDF Purchase this article Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation

On April 17, 2009, officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed two cases of swine influenza in children living in neighboring counties in California.¹ Here we take a perspective from systems biology to review the series of evolutionary and epidemiologic events, starting in 1918, that led to the emergence of the current swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) strain (S-OIV), which is widely known as swine flu. This article is one of two historical articles on influenza A (H1N1) viruses in this issue of the Journal.² Our review focuses on the key steps that characterize this viral . . . [Full Text of this Article]

Emergence of a Virus

Simultaneous Appearance in Humans and Swine (1918)

Antigenic Divergence of Human and Swine Influenza (1918–1930)

Evolution of the 1918 Virus in Humans (1918–Present)

Intrasubtypic Reassortment of Human H1N1 Virus (1947)

Extinction of Human H1N1 Virus (1957)

Sporadic Cross-Species Transfers (1958–Present)

H1N1 Reemergence in Humans (1977)

Seasonal Influenza A (H1N1) (1977–Present)

Emergence of New H1N1 Strains in Swine (1979–Present)

Sporadic Cross-Species Transmission of Triple Reassortant Virus (1998–2009)

Reassortment of Two H1 Swine Viruses (2008–2009)

Competition between Seasonal and Newly Emerged Viruses

Conclusions

Source Information

From the School of Medicine (S.M.Z.) and the Graduate School of Public Health (D.S.B.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.

This article (10.1056/NEJMra0904322) was published on June 29, 2009, at NEJM.org.

Address reprint requests to Dr. Burke at the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St., Rm. 624, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, or at donburke@pitt.edu.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• GORDON, S. M. (2009). Update on 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 76: 577-582 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Greenberg, M. E., Lai, M. H., Hartel, G. F., Wichems, C. H., Gittleson, C., Bennet, J., Dawson, G., Hu, W., Leggio, C., Washington, D., Basser, R. L. (2009). Response after One Dose of a Monovalent Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Vaccine -- Preliminary Report. NEJM 0: NEJMoa0907413v1-1 [Abstract] [Full Text]