After surgical excision of early HER2-positive breast cancer and adjuvant chemotherapy, the administration of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against HER2, was associated with longer disease-free survival than was observation.

A combined analysis of two large studies found that the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide plus paclitaxel improved the outcome among women with operable HER2-positive breast cancer.

Acute lung injury is a syndrome of hypoxemic respiratory failure and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. In this prospective, population-based study, the incidence of acute lung injury was 79 cases per 100,000 person-years. The authors estimate that each year there are 190,000 cases of acute lung injury in the United States, resulting in 75,000 deaths, which suggests a much larger public health impact than previously reported.

A patient carrying an exact duplication of the chromosomal region that is typically deleted in persons with the Williams–Beuren syndrome has severe developmental apraxia of speech. This finding suggests that one or more genes that lie in the duplicated region influence human language.

A 25-year-old previously healthy woman is found to have a positive test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody as part of a routine examination for insurance coverage. Heterosexual contact is her only risk factor for HIV acquisition. She is asymptomatic and has a normal physical examination. The results of routine hematologic and laboratory tests are normal. Her CD4 cell count is 325 per cubic millimeter and her plasma HIV-1 RNA level is 60,000 copies per milliliter. How should her case be managed?

Glucocorticoids are among the most common therapeutic agents used in medical practice, yet their mechanisms of action are only partly understood. This review summarizes our understanding of how glucocorticoids inhibit inflammation and give rise to side effects.

A 34-year-old woman who had had asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for nine years desired to become pregnant. She had stable CD4 T-cell counts without antiretroviral therapy. She had a history of human papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia. An obstetrician and a specialist in infectious diseases discuss the management of HIV infection and pregnancy.